New Frontiers in Particle Physics, Cosmology and Gravity

粒子物理学是研究自然界的基本组成部分，它们如何相互作用，以及它们如何导致我们从最小尺度到最大尺度观察到的东西。建立在量子场论(QFT)基础上的标准模型(SM)是迄今为止所有数据的令人印象深刻的准确描述，从对撞机到天文观测。然而，从粒子质量的模式到我们缺乏量子引力理论，有许多方面我们都不了解。大型强子对撞机(LHC)将在未来十年积累越来越多的数据；它在2012年发现了著名的希格斯粒子，并可能发现SM以外的新物理。到目前为止，这种新物理的唯一实验证据是中微子质量混合，它可能会揭示粒子质量的模式，四种力的强度，以及宇宙中物质丰度高于反物质的观测结果，暗物质和暗能量。即将到来的实验将解决这些问题。我们通过下一个研究所与大型强子对撞机建立了密切的联系，并将通过设计搜索策略和解释数据来帮助实验者发现新的物理，例如，通过我们易于使用的超级计算机接口(HEPMDB)和以前被忽视的物理新触发器的定义(将在当前的大型强子对撞机升级中实现)。一个共同的线索是违反电荷共轭对称性(C)和奇偶(P)的组合，这可能很快就会在新的领域观察到，导致重大突破。为了确保我们已经发现了新的物理学，我们必须从SM中排除微妙的影响，或者间接地从SM的微小偏差中推断出它。强大的核力(QCD)可能会使这一点变得困难，但我们在使用最先进的超级计算机计算这些效应方面拥有出色的专业知识，现在已经达到了必须包括电磁(QED)效应和夸克质量差异的精度水平。继续发展QFT是很重要的，例如，已经发现了新的严格约束的理论，这些理论在长距离或短距离变得没有质量。我们使用这些来更好地预测粒子散射，并在质量重新引入时更好地理解理论，或者向量子引力工作。“全息术”的概念将QCD和黑洞等明显截然不同的系统联系在一起。我们正在开发它，以了解更多关于量子引力的知识，并使用引力来研究QCD，包括在极端环境中，如中子星的核心。我们正在扩展格子场理论模拟，以研究引力和宇宙学(早期宇宙物理学)，包括测试全息模型。

Particle physics is the study of the fundamental building blocks of nature, how they interact and how they lead to what we observe from the smallest scales to the largest. The Standard Model (SM), which is built on quantum field theory (QFT), is an impressively accurate description of all data to date, from colliders to astronomical observations. Nevertheless, there are many aspects we do not understand from the pattern of particle masses to our lack of a quantum theory of gravity. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will accumulate ever-increasing amounts of data over the next decade; it famously discovered the Higgs particle in 2012 and could possibly discover new physics beyond the SM. So far the only experimental evidence for such new physics is neutrino mass & mixing, which may yet shed light on the pattern of particle masses, strength of the four forces, and observations of abundance of matter over anti-matter in the universe, dark matter and dark energy. Upcoming experiments will address these questions. We have close links to the LHC through the NExT institute and will help experimenters discover new physics, by devising strategies for searches and interpreting the data, for example through our easy-to-use interface (HEPMDB) to supercomputers and the definition of new triggers (to be implemented in the current LHC upgrade) for physics previously overlooked. A common thread is the violation of the combination of charge conjugation symmetry (C) and parity (P), which may be observed soon in new sectors leading to major breakthroughs. In order to be sure that we have found new physics we must exclude subtle effects from the SM, or deduce it indirectly from small deviations from the SM. The strong nuclear force (QCD) can make this difficult, but we have outstanding expertise in computing these effects using state-of-the-art supercomputers and have now reached a level of precision where we must include effects of electromagnetism (QED) and differences in the masses of the quarks.It is important to continue to develop QFT, e.g. new tightly constrained theories have been found that become massless, at long or short distances. We use these to make better predictions of particle scattering and to better understand theories when mass is re-introduced or to work towards quantum gravity. The notion of "holography" has linked apparently very different systems such as QCD and Black Holes. We are developing it to learn more about a quantum gravity, and use gravity to study QCD including in extreme environments such as the cores of neutron stars. We are extending lattice field theory simulations to study gravity and cosmology (early-universe physics), including testing holographic models.