Environmental and genetic factors in Parkinsons disease

描述（申请人摘要）：PD是一种神经退行性疾病，其发病率和患病率随年龄增加而增加。 大多数病例的症状发生在60岁以后。 来自双胞胎、家族和流行病学研究的证据表明，PD的病因是多因素的，包括遗传和环境因素。 疾病的家族聚集性和PD患者兄弟姐妹复发风险增加支持发生PD的遗传易感性。 此外，一种罕见的早发性家族性PD是由？突触核蛋白基因。 这些突变在一小部分具有多个PD病例的家庭中发现，因此其他PD基因可能仍有待发现。 据报道，年龄增长、吸烟、农药使用、重金属暴露和农村居住都是PD的潜在危险因素。 只有与年龄增长的相关性在所有研究中是一致的。 环境因素对PD风险影响的变化可能是由于遗传易感性的差异。 因此，解剖PD的复杂病因需要一个全面的方法，共同评估遗传和环境暴露。

Description (Applicant's Abstract): PD is a neurodegenerative disorder for which incidence and prevalence increase with age. Onset of symptoms for the majority of cases occurs after age 60. Evidence from twin, family and epidemiologic studies suggests a multifactorial etiology for PD comprised of genetic and environmental factors. Familial aggregation of the disease and an increased recurrence risk to siblings of people with PD supports a genetic susceptiblity to developing PD. As well, a rare form of early onset familial PD is caused by mutations in the ?-Synuclein gene. These mutations are found in a small fraction of families with multiple cases of PD, and therefore other PD genes likely remain to be discovered. Increasing age, smoking tobacco, pesticide use, heavy metals exposure, and rural residence have all been reported as potential risk factors for PD. Only the association with increasing age is consistent across studies. Variation in the effects of environmental factors on risk of PD may be due to differences in genetic susceptibility. Thus, dissecting the complex etiology of PD requires a comprehensive approach, jointly evaluating both genetic and environmental exposures.