MOTOR CORRELATES OF SONG PRODUCTION

描述(改编自申请人的摘要) 这项建议中描述的研究重点是协调 呼吸、发声器官和颅颌运动程序 复杂的学会了鸣鸟和鹦鹉的发音。使用神经解剖学 和生理方法，该研究计划解决五个具体问题 假设：1)明确了呼吸和呼吸的运动程序 成人歌曲的发声器官肌肉成分可以通过以下反馈进行修改 只有在发声被习得的情况下才有外周；2)这种感官 反馈来自机械感受器、本体感受器或热感受器 声道或呼吸系统，而听觉反馈不是 必要的；3)补偿电机在扰动后的响应 呼吸压力最早出现在歌曲学习的可塑性阶段 在将输出与模型音节匹配的过程中；4) 呼吸和发声器官运动神经元接受来自共同前运动的输入 来源；5)在实现发声复杂性方面，鹦鹉依赖于 呼吸和颅颌运动模式的可塑性对抵消 更简单的气管空洞所造成的限制。

DESCRIPTION (adapted from applicant's abstract) The research described in this proposal focuses upon the coordination of respiratory, vocal organ, and craniomandibular motor programs in producing the complex learned vocalizations of songbirds and parrots. Using neuroanatomical and physiological approaches, the research plan addresses five specific hypotheses: 1) that crystallized motor programs for both the respiratory and vocal organ muscle components of adult song can be modified by feedback from the periphery only if the vocalizations are learned; 2) that this sensory feedback arises from mechanoreceptive, proprioceptive, or thermal receptors in the vocal tract or respiratory system, and that auditory feedback is not necessary; 3) that compensatory motor responses after perturbations of respiratory pressure first appear during the plastic phase of song learning during the process of matching the output to a model syllable; 4) that respiratory and vocal organ motor neurons receive inputs from a common premotor source; 5) that, in achieving vocal complexity, parrots rely on increased plasticity in their respiratory and craniomandibular motor patterns to offset the limitations imposed by a simpler tracheal syrinx.