Sensorimotor control of the oropharynx and esophagus

描述（由申请人提供）：鸣禽是为数不多的用于人类语音的动物模型之一，其中可以实验性地研究与产生复杂的习得性发声相关的基本生理和声学挑战。最近，在鸟类中发现了新的与歌曲相关的运动程序，这些程序调节声门上声道的尺寸，使其充当可变共振滤波器，跟踪发声器官中产生的声音的基频，从而加强了语音和鸟鸣之间的相似性。下面的研究集中在口咽-食管腔（OEC）的感觉运动控制，它主导了声道过滤器。长期目标是增加我们对神经系统如何控制复杂行为的理解。第一个具体目标是使用显微解剖、MRI和CT扫描对鸣禽头部和颈部进行详细的功能形态分析。所获得的数据将与歌唱过程中声道运动的电影放射摄影相结合。由此产生的运动学模型将阐述通过增加生物物理，生理和生化因素的体内和体外测量确定相关声道肌肉的收缩性能。将这些数据包含在模型中，将使得有可能将运动学模型转换为与歌曲相关的声道运动的动态3D生物力学模型。第二个具体的目标调查的作用，感觉反馈的OEC的能力，以保持其谐振频率调谐到歌曲的基频，这是由syrinx控制。电影放射照相术将与通过震耳欲聋、音高变换声音输出或改变基频来操纵感觉反馈相结合，以确定感觉反馈在控制声道滤波器中的作用，从而使其共振与基频相匹配。在调整声道过滤器的体感反馈的可能作用也将被调查。第三个具体目标将使用神经解剖学和神经生理学技术来绘制颅神经的运动前通路，以确定听觉信息将运动神经元传递到上声道肌肉的神经通路，并寻找与控制发声器官的大脑歌曲控制核团的可能神经连接。鸣禽提供了一个有价值的模型系统，在其中调查的一些控制机制相关的各种语言病理学是重要的公共卫生。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Songbirds are one of the few animal models for human speech in which it is possible to experimentally investigate basic physiological and acoustic challenges associated with producing complex, learned vocalizations. Parallels between the production of speech and birdsong have recently been strengthened by the discovery in birds of new song-related motor programs that modulate the dimensions of the supra glottal vocal tract, causing it to act as a variable resonance filter that tracks the fundamental frequency of sound generated in the vocal organ. The following research focuses on sensorimotor control of the oropharyngeal-esophageal cavity (OEC), which dominates the vocal tract filter. A long-term goal is to increase our understanding of how the nervous system controls complex behaviors. The first specific aim is to perform a detailed functional morphological analysis of the songbird head and neck, using micro dissection, MRI and CT scan. The data obtained will be combined with that from cineradiography of vocal tract movements during song. The resulting kinematic model will be elaborated by the addition of in vivo and in vitro measures of biophysical, physiological and biochemical factors determining the contractile performance of the relevant vocal tract muscles. The inclusion of these data in the model will make it possible to convert the kinematic model into a dynamic 3D biomechanical model of song-related vocal tract movements. The second specific aim investigates the role of sensory feedback in the OEC's ability to keep its resonance frequency tuned to the song's fundamental frequency, which is controlled by the syrinx. Cineradiography will be combined with manipulation of sensory feedback by deafening, pitch shifting vocal output or altering the fundamental frequency to determine the role of sensory feedback in controlling vocal tract filters so their resonance matches the fundamental frequency. The possible role of somatosensory feedback in tuning the vocal tract filter will also be investigated. The third specific aim will use neuroanatomical and neurophysiological techniques to map the premotor pathways of the cranial nerves in order to identify the neural pathways by which auditory information accesses the motoneurons to muscles of the upper vocal tract and to look for possible neural connections to the brain's song control nuclei, which controls the vocal organ. Songbirds provide a valuable model system in which to investigate some of the control mechanisms relevant to various speech pathologies that are important to public health.