EXECUTIVE PROCESSES--BEHAVIORIAL & NEUROIMAGING STUDIES

描述：执行过程在认知中起着核心作用。虽然 执行过程很难定义，人们普遍同意 它们是元过程，包括以下内容：(A)注意 与任务相关的过程和对不相关过程或反应的抑制， (B)任务管理，包括在两项或两项以上已知任务之间切换， 并以正确的时间或逻辑顺序规划子任务，以满足 总体目标，(C)关于事件的上下文源信息的编码，以及 (D)监测个人行动的当前状态。也有一般的 一致认为这些执行过程在很大程度上是通过 前额叶皮质的机制，额叶皮质前部的那部分 运动区。当患者的前额叶机制受损时， 他们的执行流程遭受了巨大的打击。 拟议的研究计划利用了行为和功能磁共振研究 这些执行过程中的前两个过程，注意/抑制和 任务管理。研究重点放在这两个方面，因为它们是核心 执行过程的讨论，因为它们都依赖于 选择性注意。拟议的研究有三个主要目标：第一， 来确定这两者之间是否有共性和差异 行为和神经特征的执行过程。第二个目标是 详细研究抑制的执行过程。为了实现这个目标，我们建议 应该确定的研究：(A)大脑回路参与了什么 注意和抑制控制，(B)公开的行为和潜在的 神经回路对于不同种类的抑制是不同的，(C)是否 公开的行为和潜在的电路取决于材料的内容 以及(D)是否存在系统性的个体差异 在行为和涉及的神经回路中的抑制。第三 目标是通过研究任务转换和任务转换来详细研究任务管理 这是任务管理的重要组成部分。服务中的实证研究 这个目标将试图确定：(A)所涉及的基本电路，(B)更改 在行为和电路中，随着必须切换的内容的改变，(C)改变 在行为和底层电路中具有所切换的内容，以及 (D)在任务切换方面是否存在系统性的个体差异 与神经差异有关。除了实验工作之外， 研究继续为这些执行人员开发计算模型 从经验结果中得出的过程。额叶综合征患者 在一个或另一个执行过程中有缺陷的病变将被研究。

DESCRIPTION: Executive processes play a central role in cognition. Although executive processes are difficult to define, there is general agreement that they are metaprocesses and that they include the following: (a) attention to task-relevant processes and inhibition of irrelevant processes or responses, (b) task-management, which includes switching among two or more known tasks, and planning subtasks in the correct temporal or logical order to satisfy an overall goal, (c) coding of contextual source information about an event, and (d) monitoring the current state of one's actions. There is also general agreement that these executive processes are mediated in large part by mechanisms of the prefrontal cortex, that portion of frontal cortex anterior to the motor regions. When patients have damage to these prefrontal mechanisms, their executive processes suffer dramatically. The proposed research program makes use of behavioral and fMRI studies of the first two of these executive processes, attention/inhibition and task-management. The research focuses on these two because they are at the core of discussion of executive processes and because they share a reliance on selective attention. The proposed research has three major aims: The first is to determine whether there are commonalities and differences between these two executive processes in behavioral and neural signatures. The second goal is to study the executive process of inhibition in detail. For this goal, we propose studies that should determine: (a) what brain circuitry is involved in attentional and inhibitory control, (b) how overt behavior and underlying neural circuitry differ for different sorts of inhibition, (c) whether the overt behavior and underlying circuitry depend on the content of the materials involved, and (d) whether there are systematic individual difference in inhibition both behaviorally and in the neural circuits involved. The third goal is to study task-management in detail by studying task-switching, an important component of task-management. The empirical studies in service of this goal will try to determine: (a) the basic circuitry involved, (b) changes in behavior and circuitry with changes in what has to be switched, (c) changes in behavior and underlying circuitry with the content of what is switched, and (d) whether there are systematic individual differences in task-switching that are correlated with neural differences. In addition to the experimental work, the research continues to develop a computational model for these executive processes that derives from the empirical results. Patients with frontal lesions who have deficits on one or another executive process will be studied.