Systems Approach: Socio-Ecological Systems/Rural Livelihoods

气候多变性和变化、人口增加和农业集约化对东非具有生产力和生态价值的土地造成了巨大压力。山地森林支持高密度的人口和农业生产，例如，在基利曼哈罗的Chagga家庭花园，每平方公里有1000人（Hemp，2013年）。这种多功能农业景观镶嵌（MALM）支持高水平的生物多样性，同时也支持当地生计和区域粮食安全（Miner等人，2015年）。除了提供服务外，山地森林在调节水、碳、土壤生产力、授粉和虫害控制方面也发挥着重要作用（Swetnam等人，2013年）。因此，MALM可以提供一个农业土地使用矩阵，其中所有可持续性的关键方面在前所未有的气候变化和对生态系统的社会压力的背景下，如何最好地分配和管理这些MALM系统的生态系统服务，以实现适应气候变化和社会发展的多方面目的，经济可持续性是一个复杂和具有挑战性的问题。提高对MALM系统动态和对环境变化的反应的理解，可以支持知情的社区管理，政策和干预措施，加强综合水和土地管理过程，并提高农业生态系统的功能和生产力。但是，人们越来越认识到，在这种复杂的系统中，成功地管理自然资源和适应变化也取决于知识共享和共同生产的过程，而知识共享和共同生产的潜力取决于不同利益攸关方之间的社会、文化和政治关系（Whitfield，2016）.这里，当地居民和土地管理人员的经验知识与社会技术和工具相结合，生态系统绘图提供了一种手段，可用于建立一个全面和适当的证据库，为管理提供信息。对社会动态和不完整的知识政治的批判性反思对于在这种管理中实现公正的结果至关重要。ObjectivesTo assess the interrelated functions and services of MALM in the Taita Hills of the southern Kenya by mapping，through participating GIS，the agricultural land use matrix.To evaluate natural based adaptation practices（植树造林、保护性农业、灌溉和水管理以及虫害综合防治）与预计未来变化和当地优先需求的对比（例如，实现粮食安全、提供生计机会、维护生物多样性以及满足文化、美学、保护和娱乐需求）批判性地反思政治和社会动态在知识生成和管理过程中的表现方式

Climate variability and change, population increase, and agricultural intensification represent significant pressures on productive and ecologically valuable land in East Africa. Montane forests support high densities of populations and agricultural production, e.g. 1000 people per km2 in the Chagga home-gardens of Kilimanjaro (Hemp, 2013). Such Multifunctional Agricultural Landscape Mosaics (MALM) support high levels of biodiversity while also underpinning local livelihoods and regional food security (Miner et al., 2015). In addition to provisioning services, there is an important role for montane forest in the regulation for water, carbon, soil productivity, pollination and pest control (Swetnam et al., 2013). Hence, MALM can provide an agricultural land use matrix in which all critical aspects of sustainability (ecological, social, economic, political and cultural) are incorporated.In a context of unprecedented climatic change and social pressure on ecosystems, how the ecosystem services of these MALM systems are best distributed and managed for the multifaceted purposes of climate change adaptation and socio-economic sustainability is a complex and challenging question. Improved understanding of MALM system dynamics and responses to environmental change could underpin informed community-based management, policy, and interventions that enhance integrated water and land management processes, and improve agro-ecosystems function and productivity. But, it is increasingly recognised that successful management of natural resources and adaptation to change within such complex systems depends too on processes for knowledge sharing and co-production, the potential for which is shaped by social, cultural and political relations between diverse stakeholders (Whitfield, 2016).Here, the combining of the local and experiential knowledge of residents and land managers with the techniques and tools of socio-ecological system mapping offer a means to building a holistic and appropriate evidence base to inform management. Critical reflection on social dynamics and incomplete knowledge politics will essential for achieving just outcomes within such management.ObjectivesTo assess the interrelated functions and services of MALM in the Taita Hills of southern Kenya by mapping, through participatory GIS, the agricultural land use matrix.To evaluate nature-based adaptation practices (afforestation, conservation agriculture, irrigation and water management, and integrated pest management) against projected future change and locally prioritized needs (e.g. for achieving food security, providing livelihood opportunities, maintaining biodiversity, and fulfilling cultural, aesthetic, conservation and recreational needs).To critically reflect on the way that politics and social dynamic splay out within this process of knowledge generation and management