Upgrading of bio-oil using novel catalysts

关键词：催化、生物石油、生物燃料、可再生能源。寻求可持续资源来满足快速增长的全球人口的需求是一个重大挑战。在能源方面，尽管化石燃料储量大幅增长，但开采的经济/环境影响仍然存在很大的不确定性，至关重要的是，如果不违反联合国气候变化框架公约关于全球平均气温比工业化前水平上升2摄氏度的目标，这种碳资源的~65%-80%就无法燃烧。生物燃料对于帮助英国实现到2020年可再生能源占15%、到2020年温室气体(GHG)排放量减少34%和到2050年减少80%的承诺至关重要(参见。1990年的水平)。它们还代表着能够利用现有管道和加油站分销网络的插入式燃料。生物油是一种由生物质通过热解或热液液化等过程生产的原油，将使英国能源多样化，从而改善能源安全，并通过分散生产促进农业、林业、废物管理和运输部门以及当地经济的发展。然而，原油生物油含有含氧分子，需要进行大量的“升级”，才能使其成为合适的液体运输燃料。原油生物油很复杂，很难处理，因为它们含有大量不同的化学成分。了解如何设计催化剂来升级和脱氧的第一步，可能更好地通过研究真正的生物油组成成分的典型模型化合物来实现。为了设计一个处理它们的反应器，有必要确定一个升级过程的动力学模型。催化剂失活也是一个重要问题，使用超临界流体可以延缓催化剂结焦并延长其寿命。该项目的具体目标是：-使用高压灭菌器和固定床等催化反应器对生物油进行升级。-选择要研究的模型化合物，例如醇、酸、醛。-优化工艺条件，如温度、压力、停留时间。-模型化合物/产品的反应机理和动力学模型。-催化剂类型的影响。-间歇、流动、亚临界和超临界反应条件对产品分布的比较。-在与模型化合物相似的条件下用真实生物油进行有限测试。成品油脱氧度的测定。

Keywords: Catalysis, bio-oil, biofuels, renewable energy.The quest for sustainable resources to meet the demands of a rapidly rising global population represents a major challenge. In the context of energy, despite significant growth in fossil fuel reserves, great uncertainties remain in the economics/environmental impact of their exploitation, and crucially ~65-80 % of such carbon resources cannot be burned without breaching the UNFCC targets for a 2 degrees C increase in mean global temperature relative to the pre-industrial level. Biofuels are critical in helping the UK meet its commitments of 15 % renewable energy by 2020, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions of 34 % by 2020 and 80 % by 2050 (cf. 1990 levels). They also represent drop-in fuels able to utilise existing pipeline and filling station distribution networks. Bio-oil, a form of crude oil produced from biomass via processes such as pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction, will diversify UK energy, thus improving energy security and boosting agriculture, forestry, waste management and transport sectors, as well as local economies through decentralized production. However, crude bio-oil contains oxygenated molecules and requires substantial 'upgrading' to render it a suitable liquid transportation fuel. Crude bio-oils are complex and difficult to work with, as they contain a large range of different chemical components. The first step to understanding how to design a catalyst to upgrade and deoxygenate them may be better achieved by the study of model compounds typical of constituent components of real bio-oil. In order to design a reactor to process them, it is necessary to determine a kinetic model for the upgrading process. Catalyst deactivation is also a significant issue, and the use of supercritical fluids may be employed to delay coking of the catalyst and extend its lifetime. Specific objectives of the project are:- The upgrading of bio-oils using catalytic reactors such as autoclave and fixed bed. - Selection of model compounds to study, e.g. alcohol, acid, aldehyde.- Optimisation of process conditions such as temperature, pressure, residence time.- Reaction mechanism and kinetic modelling of model compounds/products.- Effect of catalyst type.- Comparison of batch, flow, sub and supercritical reaction conditions upon the product distribution.- Limited tests with real bio oil under similar conditions to model compounds. Determination of degree of deoxygenation of product oil.