Electricity market re-design in Great Britain: A proposed new design and lessons on implementation

世界各地的能源系统正在迅速变化。全球公共话语已经转向支持一个更分散的、基于可再生能源和能效的能源系统，这主要是因为两项技术变革。首先是可再生电力技术成本的下降。其次，更好的控制技术为操作和管理系统提供了新的方法，包括：双向电力输送；从家庭到区域市场和网络的互联；智能电网应用；通过需求侧响应/存储实现更大的灵活性。这正在改变电网的性质，创造新的商业模式/所有权模式/社会偏好。大多数电力市场的建立都是为了适应化石燃料和核能发电，但零边际成本的可再生电力是：取代化石燃料；降低峰值价格；减少对核基本负荷的需求。许多发达国家现在有20%或更多的电力来自可再生能源，并且越来越多地考虑如何设计他们的市场来反映这种发电方式的转变。这包括欧盟，欧盟委员会正在提议改变电力市场的设计，将重点放在灵活发电、需求侧响应和存储上。这种转变是向综合能源系统和网络的转变，这些系统和网络能够通过当地能源市场使当地供需机会最大化，同时也通过互联和高效的国内和跨国市场提供灵活性。所有这些措施都需要改变电力系统的治理，以使新技术和措施有效运作。拥有适合用途的能源基础设施对低碳未来至关重要。一个关键的挑战是在现有能源供应网络中适应新技术，同时为未来发展新技术。除了技术之外，这还必须包括更广泛的市场和治理框架，这将决定电网的发展方式。鉴于此，在欧盟水平变化的背景下，本博士将探索英国电网的市场设计。它将分析哪些未来电力系统的市场设计已经到位，或者即将在全球实施。这将包括英国在当地能源市场所做的尝试。它还将探讨英国政府治理中可能存在的对此类市场设计的任何障碍；它还将探讨，如果英国要改变其市场设计，以适应未来的电力系统，需要做出哪些改变。

Energy systems are changing rapidly around the world. Global public discourse has moved behind a more decentralised, renewable energy and energy efficiency based energy system, primarily because of two technology changes. Firstly the falling costs of renewable electricity technologies. Secondly better control technologies that are enabling new ways to operation and manage the system including: two-way electricity movement; interconnection from the household through to regional markets and networks; smart grid applications; and more flexibility through demand side response/storage. This is changing the nature of power networks and creating new business models/patterns of ownership/social preferences. Most electricity markets were set up to suit fossil fuel and nuclear generation, but zero marginal cost renewable electricity is: displacing fossil fuels; bringing down peak prices; and reducing the need for nuclear baseload. Many developed countries now have 20% or more of their electricity from renewable sources, and are increasingly considering how their markets are designed to reflect this shift in generation. This includes the EU, where the European Commissions is proposing changes to the design of electricity markets to focus on flexible generation, demand side response, storage. The shift is towards integrated energy systems and networks that are capable of maximising local supply and demand opportunities through local energy markets whilst also providing flexibility through interconnectors and efficient national and trans-national markets. All of these measures will require changes in the governance of electricity systems to allow the new technologies and measures to operate effectively.Having an energy infrastructure that is fit for purpose is of fundamental importance to a low carbon future. A key challenge is accommodating new technologies within the existing energy supply network, whilst developing it for the future. Beyond the technologies this has to include the wider market and governance framework which will shape how power networks develop. In light of this and within the context of the EU level changes, this PhD would explore market designs of power networks in Great Britain. It would analyse what market designs for future electricity systems are already in place, or about to be put in place globally. This would include what attempts at local energy markets have occurred in GB. It would also explore any barriers which might exist in GB governance to such market designs; and it would explore what would need to be changed if GB was to alter its market design to suit a future power system.