The Salvation Army's overseas settlements and colonies, 1890-1939

从19世纪末到第二次世界大战，救世军在两个关键方面是一个全球性组织。首先，它是不列颠群岛上最大的自愿移民协会，组织了25万人从英国移民到加拿大、新西兰和澳大利亚。其次，它在白人定居者殖民地、美国、南罗得西亚、南非和英属印度为这些移民以及土著和“土著”人民建立了土地和农场殖民地。救世军的工作在其创始人威廉·布斯（William Booth）的《最黑暗的英格兰和出路》（1890）中融合了大都会和帝国的维度，这是一个分三个阶段的计划，旨在“拯救”英国最贫穷的10%人口。这个计划取决于他们从“城市殖民地”到“农场殖民地”再到“海外殖民地”的进步运动。“城市殖民地”是指1891年后救世军在大都会设立的庇护所。农场殖民地旨在让人们参与农业培训和道德康复，使他们成为“有能力、勤奋的公民”。“海外殖民地”试图为“被淹没的十分之一”建立严格监管的定居点，并向所有人开放移民途径。同时，救世军还参与建立土著和“土著”农场和殖民地，例如在英属印度和南罗得西亚。有一些（有限的）关于救世军的大都市和农场殖民地的学术工作，但几乎没有关于“海外殖民地”的创建或相关迁移的研究。同样，虽然学术工作涉及到救世军为殖民地人民（特别是印度所谓的“犯罪部落”）设立的一些定居点，但对其他地方的工作却很少或根本没有。这个项目将填补这些重大的历史空白，并呈现一个变革的愿景，即英国及其帝国的贫困与社会改革之间的联系，以及帝国治理和殖民地治理的本质。该项目将以跨学科的文献综述开始，重点关注英国的经济和社会历史、帝国、贫困和福利、社会改革、殖民主义、福音派基督教和移民。这将使我能够进一步确定我自己的历史兴趣，以及历史编纂中的关键空白。该项目是与救世军国际遗产中心（SAIHC）合作的学生项目，因此该项目的大部分主要研究将在该中心的档案中进行。该项目将着眼于三个海外案例研究（将在审查SAIHC提供的材料后选择），从而完善项目的关键研究问题和子问题。使用SAIHC，我的研究将整理资料，包括（但不限于）书籍、小册子、传记、期刊、个人文件、领土记录、年度报告、照片和年鉴。此外，本项目还将探索海外相关国家（如有可能）的档案，以更广泛地了解这些国家的社会经济、帝国和政治格局。

From the end of the 19th century to WWII, The Salvation Army was a global organisation in two key respects. First, it was the largest voluntary migration society in the British Isles, organising the emigration of 250,000 people from Britain to Canada, New Zealand and Australia. Second, it established land and farm colonies for these migrants, as well as Indigenous and 'native' people, in the white settler colonies and in the USA, Southern Rhodesia, South Africa, and British India.The metropolitan and imperial dimensions of The Salvation Army's work came together in founder William Booth's In Darkest England and the Way Out (1890), a three-stage plan to 'save' the poorest 10% of Britain's population. The plan hinged on their progressive movement from 'City Colony' to 'Farm Colony' and then to the 'Colony Over-Sea'. The City Colony was the term applied to the metropolitan shelters run by The Salvation Army after 1891. The Farm Colony was to engage men in agricultural training and moral rehabilitation so that they would become 'capable, industrious citizens.' The 'Colony Over-Sea' sought to establish closely regulated settlements specifically for the 'submerged tenth', and pathways of migration open to all. Concurrently, the Salvation Army was engaged in the establishment of Indigenous and 'native' farms and colonies, for instance in British India and Southern Rhodesia. There has been some (limited) academic work on The Salvation Army's metropolitan city and farm colonies, but almost no research has been done on either the creation of the 'Colony Over-Sea' or its associated migration. Likewise, though academic work has engaged with some of the Salvation Army's settlements for colonized peoples (notably for so-called 'criminal tribes' in India), there is little or no work on others. This project will fill these significant gaps in the historiography, and present a transformative vision of the connection between poverty and social reform in Britain and its Empire, as well as the nature of imperial governance and governmentality in the colonies.This project will begin with an interdisciplinary literature review, focusing on the economic and social history of Britain, Empire, poverty and welfare, social reform, colonialism, evangelical Christianity, and migration. This will enable me to identify further my own historical interests, as well as key gaps in the historiography.This project is a collaborative studentship with the Salvation Army International Heritage Centre (SAIHC), and so most of the primary research for this project will take place at the archive held within the centre. This project will look at three overseas case studies (which will be chosen after a review of the material available at the SAIHC), and thus to refine the project's key research question and sub-questions. Using the SAIHC, my research will collate sources which include (but not limited to) books, pamphlets, biographies, periodicals, personal papers, territorial records, annual reports, photographs, and yearbooks. In addition, this project will also explore archives in relevant overseas nations (where possible) to get a broader understanding of the socio-economic, imperial, and political landscapes of these nations.