Citizen science in the global South: effects on participation in urban agriculture in Rio de Janeiro's informal settlements.

背景和理由：城市农业系统比其他城市绿地表现出更高水平的生物多样性，并为城市居民提供积极的社会经济、文化和教育成果(Lin等人，2015年；Orisini等人，2011年)。然而，城市农业、生物多样性、健康和福祉之间的联系主要集中在全球北部，而城市农业对可持续发展的潜力日益得到承认(Mougeot，2005)。了解如何保持人们在城市农业中的参与，从在社区田野和花园工作到照看花盆，对其持续的环境和社会成功至关重要。在拟议的研究中，我问公民科学在维持参与、粮食生产和“繁荣”社区方面可能发挥什么作用。公民科学是一项主要在全球北方人们闲暇时间进行的活动。关于边缘化社区中的公民科学的研究几乎不存在(Geoghegan等人)。2016)。随着对更好的数据和对自然世界更好的知识的不断增长的需求，以提供政策(如可持续发展目标)和科学(如全球变化研究)，以及赋予公民权力、维护食品安全、健康和福祉的需要，这项研究的最终目的是了解全球南方人们如何参与公民科学。拟议的研究将集中在里约热内卢的非正式住区(贫民窟)，我在那里进行了硕士研究。贫民窟是处于濒危环境中的边缘化社区(Gervais-Lambony，2001)，在这种环境中，许多基层、非政府组织和国家主导的城市农业项目都得到了促进，以达到环境、教育和社会赋权的目的。研究问题：(1)人们参与非正式住区城市农业的动机是什么？(2)公民科学方法在加强、维持和倡导参与非正式住区城市农业方面可以发挥什么作用？(3)基层组织如何非政府组织和国家主导的组织在其全球南方的都市农业项目中嵌入公民科学？方法研究分为三个阶段：(1)参与观察和访谈，以了解人们参与都市农业的方式，以及现有的非政府组织和国家主导的项目的范围；(2)根据公共空间和农业混凝土设计信托基金开发的数据收集工具包，试行一项新的公民科学倡议，以监测城市农业的参与和多重效益(2015年)；(3)与非政府组织和国家牵头的方案进行访谈，以确定如何在全球南方的非正式住区进一步利用公民科学。

Context and rationale:Urban agriculture systems exhibit higher levels of biodiversity than other urban green areas and provide city dwellers with positive socioeconomic, cultural and educational outcomes (Lin et al., 2015; Orisini et al., 2011). However, the connections between urban agriculture, biodiversity, health and wellbeing is predominantly focused on the Global North, while the potential of urban agriculture for sustainable development is increasingly recognized (Mougeot, 2005). Understanding how to maintain people's participation in urban agriculture, from working in community fields and gardens to looking after plant pots, is crucial to its continued environmental and social success.In the proposed research, I ask what role citizen science might play in maintaining participation, food production and 'prosperous' communities. Citizen science is an activity predominantly undertaken in the global North during people's leisure time. Research on citizen science in marginalised communities is almost non-existent (Geoghegan et al. 2016). With the ever-increasing demands for better data and improved knowledge of the natural world to inform policy (such as the Sustainable Development Goals) and science (such as global change research), as well as the need to empower citizens, maintain food security, health and wellbeing, the ultimate aim of this research is to understand how people participate in citizen science in the global South.The proposed research will focus on Rio de Janeiro's informal settlements (favelas), where I have conducted my MSc research. Favelas are marginalised communities (Gervais-Lambony, 2001) in an endangered environment where a number of grassroots, NGO and state-led urban agriculture projects have been promoted for environmental, educational and social empowerment purposes.Research questions:(1) What are people's motivations for participation in urban agriculture in informal settlements?(2) What role can citizen science approaches play in enhancing, sustaining and advocating for participation in urban agriculture in informal settlements?(3) How can grassroots organisations, NGOs and state-led organisations embed citizen science in their urban agriculture projects in the global South?MethodsThere are three phases to the research:(1) Participant observation and interviews to understand the ways in which people participate in urban agriculture, and the range of existing NGO and state-led projects;(2) The pilot implementation of a novel citizen science initiative to monitor participation in, and the multiple benefits of urban agriculture, based on the Data Collection Toolkit developed by the Design Trust for Public Space and Farming Concrete (2015);(3) Interviews with NGOs and state-led programmes to ascertain how citizen science might be further utilised in informal settlements in the global South.