MOTOR CORRELATES OF SONG PRODUCTION

描述（改编自申请人摘要） 本提案中所述研究的重点是协调 呼吸，发音器官和颅下颌运动程序在产生 鸣禽和鹦鹉复杂的习得性发声。使用神经解剖学 和生理学方法，研究计划涉及五个具体的 假设：1）呼吸和 成年人歌唱的发声器官肌肉成分可以通过来自 只有在学会发声的情况下，才能在外围; 2）这种感觉 反馈来自机械感受器、本体感受器或热感受器， 声道或呼吸系统，而听觉反馈不是 （3）运动后的补偿性反应。 呼吸压力首先出现在歌曲学习的可塑期 在将输出与模型音节匹配的过程中; 4） 呼吸和发声器官运动神经元接受来自共同前运动神经元的输入， 来源; 5），在实现声音的复杂性，鹦鹉依赖于增加 他们的呼吸和颅下颌运动模式的可塑性，以抵消 简单的气管空洞所带来的限制。

DESCRIPTION (adapted from applicant's abstract) The research described in this proposal focuses upon the coordination of respiratory, vocal organ, and craniomandibular motor programs in producing the complex learned vocalizations of songbirds and parrots. Using neuroanatomical and physiological approaches, the research plan addresses five specific hypotheses: 1) that crystallized motor programs for both the respiratory and vocal organ muscle components of adult song can be modified by feedback from the periphery only if the vocalizations are learned; 2) that this sensory feedback arises from mechanoreceptive, proprioceptive, or thermal receptors in the vocal tract or respiratory system, and that auditory feedback is not necessary; 3) that compensatory motor responses after perturbations of respiratory pressure first appear during the plastic phase of song learning during the process of matching the output to a model syllable; 4) that respiratory and vocal organ motor neurons receive inputs from a common premotor source; 5) that, in achieving vocal complexity, parrots rely on increased plasticity in their respiratory and craniomandibular motor patterns to offset the limitations imposed by a simpler tracheal syrinx.