The mitigation of primary blast injury: development of energy and weight efficient systems

与爆炸武器在军事和恐怖情况下造成的伤害有关的文献表明，从爆炸肺到肠道和其他软组织损伤，各种伤害的发生率很高。特别是，来自以色列的临床报告表明，爆炸致肺和肠道损伤的独特性和显著死亡率。这些通常与广泛的组织撕裂感染引起的一系列附加并发症有关。原发冲击伤的发生率增加是形成CBIS的主要驱动因素。在理解人体对爆炸力量和爆炸持续时间的限制方面，已经取得了进展。合理的扩展是首先减少这种形式的爆炸伤的发生率。该项目将直接解决爆炸缓解领域的问题。减少最初的爆炸伤害被明显和广泛地报道为提高生存能力的一种明确方法。然而，尽管许多防弹衣系统对弹道威胁起到了很好的作用，但研究表明，这种防弹衣也可能增加受伤的风险，因为爆炸风呈现的横截面更大。当面对爆炸和相关的动能时，必须考虑以下几个因素：(I)在皱缩区吸收能量的能力(Ii)将能量重新定向的能力(Iii)在有限伤害的情况下可以安全传递的能量水平(Iv)重量，在军事和民用领域，这种解决方案的批量和易用性。该项目建立在Thuy-Tien Ngoc Nguyen发起的关于降低(A)压力水平(B)脉冲发射和(C)装载的锐度的研究的基础上。这已经使用穿孔板的组件进行了研究，改变了板的开口面积和板的间距。已经进行了平行研究，以研究含有不同数量的油和水的颗粒材料的影响，显然在所有情况下，压力水平和装载率都可以系统地降低。一个令人兴奋的领域是使用功能梯度泡沫结构，它可以根据加载制度修改响应。已在Imperial(isp和合作伙伴)内部开发了生产和研究此类系统的基础。在该项目中有强大的临床联系，以确保开发的缓解概念减少临床医生看到的伤害，并可用于现场操作。该项目将研究爆炸减缓的概念，包括衣服、防弹衣以及车辆和建筑物的内部。该项目的监督者在缓解系统的基础科学和临床环境方面拥有丰富的经验。

The literature related to injuries from blast weapons, in both military and terrorist scenarios, indicate the extensive incidence of a range of injuries, from Blast Lung to Bowel and other soft tissue damage. In particular, clinical reports from Israel, indicate the uniqueness and significant mortality from lung and bowel injury from blast. These are often associated with a range of added complications due to infection from widespread tearing of tissues.The increased incidence of Primary blast injury was the major driver for the formation of CBIS. Progress has been made on the understanding of the limits of the human body with respect to the forces and duration of blast in areas of Blast Lung.A logical extension is to reduce the incidence of such forms of blast injury in the first instance. This project is to directly address the area of blast mitigation. Reduction of the initial blast insult is obviously and widely reported as a clear method of increasing survivability. However, while many body armour systems function well against ballistic threats, research indicated that such body armour may also increase the risk of injury due to the larger cross section presented to the blast wind.When faced with the blast and associated kinetic energy a number of factors have to be considered (i) the ability to absorb energy in crumple zones (ii) the ability to redirect that energy (iii) the level of energy that can be safely transmitted with limited injury (iv) the weight, bulk and ease of use of such solutions in the military and civilian spheres.This project builds on the research initiated by Thuy-Tien Ngoc Nguyen into the reduction of (a) pressure levels (b) impulse delivered and (c) sharpness of loading. This has been investigated using assemblies of perforated plates, varying the open area of the plate and the spacing of the plates. Parallel research has been undertaken to study the effects of granular materials with varying amounts of oils and water present as well as In all cases it was clear that the pressure level and the loading rate can be reduced in a systematic fashion. An exciting area is in the use of functionally graded foam structures which can modify the response according to the loading regime. A basis for producing and studying such systems has been developed within Imperial (ISP and partners).There is a strong clinical linkage in this project to ensure that the mitigation concepts developed reduce the injury seen by clinicians and are practical for use in field operations. The project will investigate the concepts of blast mitigation both items of clothing, body armour as well as the interiors of vehicles and buildings. The supervisors of this project have significant experience in the fundamental science of mitigation systems and in the clinical environment.