Let's Talk about Sustainable Peace: An Ethnographic Study into Mnemonic Devices, National Identity and Sustainable Peace in South Africa

虽然南非政府为纠正和纪念种族隔离而采取的干预措施广受赞誉，但南非的公共话语中也出现了关于遗忘的主张。然而，在实行民主23年之后，该国的进步继续受到过去遗留问题的阻碍。在空间、社会、文化、经济和种族方面，阿帕切的遗产仍然存在。这样的划分损害了阿帕拉在国家传记中的地位，也损害了纪念馆和记忆场所提供其所承诺的教育、公民和社会效益的功效，如和解、阻止未来的暴力或使幸存者有尊严。因此，迫切需要更清楚地了解，如果以及如何Aparthotel纪念的做法已经缓和（或被阻挠）持续的社会，政治，经济和种族化的裂缝。一系列的文献认为集体记忆和民族认同在南非，特别是在博物馆，彩虹之国，和TRC，庆祝作为一个典范。然而，SA的理论家很少在记忆和国家认同之间建立实质性的联系，但它们是相互牵连的;国家建设，严重依赖于这种记忆手段，复制了几代人的集体记忆的国家脚手架，在他们对过去的陈述中提供了包容和排斥。因此，本论文采用记忆作为一种光学，通过它来分析冲突后的身份，并有助于围绕SA的和平的长期轨迹和鲁棒性的有限的研究，假定国家身份，和解和过渡时期的司法，依赖于记忆的情感实践引起通过记忆网站，不是单一的事件，但漫长的过程，应该过滤代际。这项跨学科的研究将探讨记忆的网站和普遍存在的社会，政治和种族划分今天在SA之间的关系，探索记忆的情感维度。该项目将与几个助记符网站合作，以绘制他们的方法来表示Aparthritis，观众的反应，以及他们在社区中的作用。这种伙伴关系将使利益相关者成为研究的核心，为项目的网站用户提供投入。通过其跨学科的方法，这项研究将有助于记忆研究、政治冲突解决、文化历史、过渡时期司法和遗产研究，并将与刚刚摆脱冲突的国家、那些在冲突后采取不同方法的国家（如卢旺达和黎巴嫩）以及南非记忆遗址周围的社区相关。核心研究问题：为什么南非的国家认同如此不稳定，尽管民主过渡和强大的纪念文化的感知成功，这是如何影响南非的可持续和平？由此，一个更广泛的元目标将是确定研究结果对当今南非可持续和平状况的建议。如何，以及做，记忆装置纪念Aparthotics影响当今的信念，SA和国家建设的目标？2.南非的过渡时期司法进程（以及它们开创的政治环境）对记忆网站/做法的解释、接受或抵制有什么影响？3.南非人对这些纪念场所的参与产生了什么样的情感反应？人种志将在记忆网站进行超过8个月：跟踪工作人员;观察/参与记忆的做法;采访游客。研究工作将力求加强记忆遗址工作的传播，提供一个研究网站，使参与者/机构能够参与该项目，举办一个讲习班，将民间社会和记忆遗址纳入研究设计，并举办一个研究后研讨会，讨论如何根据研究结果实施导游工具包。

Whilst widely celebrated for its interventions to redress and remember Apartheid, claims for forgetting have emerged in South African public discourse. Yet, 23 years into democracy, the country's progress continues to be hindered past legacies. Spatially, socially, culturally, economically and racially, the Apartheid legacy remains. Such division compromise Apartheid's place in the national biography, as well as the efficacy of memorials and sites of memory to offer the pedagogical, civic, and social benefits they promise, such as reconciliation, deterring future violence or dignifying survivors. Thus, a clearer picture of if and how practices of Apartheid memorialisation have emolliated (or been thwarted by) continuing social, political, economic and racialised fissures is urgently needed.A range of literature considers collective memory and national identity in South Africa, particularly on museums, the Rainbow Nation, and the TRC, celebrated as an exemplar. However, theorists of SA rarely make substantial connections between memory and national identity, yet they are mutually implicating; nation building, heavily reliant on such mnemonic devices, reproduces national scaffolds of collective memory across generations, providing inclusions and exclusions in their representations of the past. Hence, this thesis adopts memory as an optic through which to analyse post-conflict identity and contribute to the limited research around the long-term trajectories and robustness of SA's peace, positing that national identity, reconciliation and transitional justice, reliant on the affective practices of memory elicited through mnemonic sites, are not singular events, but lengthy processes that should filter inter-generationally. This interdisciplinary study will explore the relationship between sites of memory and the pervading social, political and racialised divisions in SA today, exploring the affective dimensions of memory. The project will work collaboratively with several mnemonic sites to map their approaches to representing Apartheid, audience responses, and their role in communities. Such partnership will build stakeholders into the heart of the research, affording site users input in the project. Through its interdisciplinary approach, this research will contribute to memory studies, political conflict resolution, cultural history, transitional justice and heritage studies, and will have relevance for countries emerging from conflict, those which adopted differing approaches post-conflict, such as Rwanda and Lebanon, and the immediate communities surrounding the sites of memory in South Africa.Core research question: Why is SA national identity so precarious, despite the perceived success of the democratic transition and strong culture of memorialisation, and how does this impact sustainable peace in South Africa? From this, a broader meta-aim will be to establish what the research results suggest about the state of sustainable peace in South Africa today.1. How, and do, mnemonic devices commemorating Apartheid influence present-day beliefs about SA and the objectives of nation-building?2. What bearing have SA's transitional justice processes (and the political contexts they inaugurated) had on the way that mnemonic sites/practices are interpreted, accepted or resisted?3. What affective responses emerge from South Africans' engagement with such commemorative sites?Ethnography will be conducted at mnemonic sites over 8 months: shadowing staff; observing/participating in mnemonic practices; interviewing visitors. Research will seek to enhance the dissemination of the work of sites of memory, offering a research website enabling participants/institutions to engage with the project, a workshop to include civil society and mnemonic sites in the research design and a post-research seminar to discuss the implementation of a toolkit for tour guides based on research findings.Overseas fieldwork in South Africa