Fear, identity and security in post-9/11 American foreign policy

2016年8月，芝加哥全球事务理事会的一项民意调查发现，42%的美国人认为他们的国家比9/11袭击前更不安全。美国外交政策中的恐惧和安全是当代的基本关切，但恐惧的作用尚未得到系统的质疑。9/11袭击和特朗普的选举成功带来了一个动荡和不确定的时代;其政治和军事后果波及地球仪的各个角落。学者们探讨了乔治W布什的后9/11话语如何创造并延续了一种围绕恐怖主义的恐惧文化。煽动恐惧也是特朗普排外和煽动性移民政策的核心：对暴力的集体恐惧和美国身份的衰落是“让美国再次伟大”的核心原则。“恐怖主义和移民之间的交叉点围绕着恐惧和身份之间不可分割的关系;特别是”他人“（恐怖分子和移民）如何与美国人的”自我“对立。“这项研究的目的是评估乔治W布什和特朗普政府如何唤起和援引恐惧的话语，以及这些话语如何被用来证明对恐怖主义和移民的安全化反应是合理的。在这样做的时候，我将确定集体恐惧在后9/11美国国家认同中发挥作用的方式，并探索这是如何基于“自我/他人”二进制的。最近，国际关系学者呼吁在分析世界政治时更系统地运用情感。9/11事件的高度情绪化影响与随后美国领导的入侵阿富汗和伊拉克之间的联系是明确的，但理论上却不足。后9/11话语的文本解构诉诸于恐惧、仇恨、崇高和邪恶的概念，但在本体论上这些概念既没有被捕获也没有被质疑。这一蓬勃发展的文学机构与呼吁更广泛和更实验性的安全研究议程相吻合，这项研究将有助于。情感和证券化之间的理论亲和力提供了一个创新和丰富的研究议程内IR学科：通过赋予情感本体论的权力内证券化，我将有助于IR的研究，旨在认识到情感的中心地位，特别是恐惧，威胁和身份建设的新途径。

A poll from the Chicago Council on Global Affairs in August 2016 found that 42% of Americans felt that their country is less safe than it was before the 9/11 attacks. Fear and security in US foreign policy is of fundamental contemporary concern, yet the role of fear has not been systematically interrogated. The 9/11 attacks and Trump's electoral success have given rise to an era of volatility and uncertainty; the political and military consequences of which reach all corners of the globe. Scholars have explored how George W Bush's post-9/11 discourse created and perpetuated a culture of fear around terrorism. Mobilising fear has also been central to Trump's exclusionary and inflammatory immigration policy: the collective fear of violence and a decay of American identity are central tenets of "making America great again." The intersection between terrorism and migration revolves around the inextricable relationship between fear and identity; particularly how 'others' (terrorists and migrants) are presented in opposition to an American 'self.'The aim of this research is to assess how discourses of fear are evoked and invoked by the George W Bush and Trump administrations, and how these are used to justify securitised responses to terrorism and migration. In doing so, I will identify ways in which collective fear plays in to post-9/11 US national identity, and explore how this is predicated upon 'self/other' binaries. Recently, IR scholars have called for a more systematic engagement with emotion in the analysis of world politics. The link between the highly emotional impact of 9/11 and the subsequent US-led invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq is clear, but undertheorised. Textual deconstruction of post-9/11 discourse make recourse to notions of fear, hatred, emnity and evil, yet ontologically these concepts are neither captured nor interrogated. This flourishing body of literature has coincided with calls for a wider and more experimental agenda for security studies, to which this research will contribute. The theoretical affinity between emotion and securitisation offers an innovative and rich research agenda within the IR discipline: by giving emotions ontological power within securitisation, I will contribute to a fresh avenue of research in IR which seeks to recognise the centrality of emotion, particularly fear, to threat and identity construction.