Urban environmental media: hazards, exposure route & modelled health impacts

该项目将：(i)审查关于城市环境媒介中金属/类物质分布、接触途径和模拟人类健康影响的现有工作；结合砷、铅、镉和汞的生物监测参考值（ii）系统地确定砷、铅、镉和/或汞在大曼彻斯特地区有代表性地点的主要环境介质中的浓度、形态和矿物学（视情况而定）关联；（iii）通过结合食物频率和行为问卷以及酌情对尿液、头发、指甲、血液和呼吸冷凝物进行生物监测，评估具有代表性的人类暴露情况；（四）制定这些暴露对公共卫生产生影响的模型；(v)制定风险管理备选办法，供大曼彻斯特当局与其他文书一起考虑，以成本有效地减少大曼彻斯特地区环境化学品接触造成的公共卫生非传染性疾病负担。将对各种元素/接触途径组合的相对重要性进行范围界定研究，以便对其中最重要的因素进行更集中的研究。预计这很可能导致更加集中于以下方面的工作：(i)对空气中颗粒物暴露的矿物学控制（ii）使用个性化采样器结合GIS跟踪数据跟踪颗粒物（例如PM10， PM25）暴露情况（iii）特别脆弱社区的大米中砷暴露情况（iv）通过饮用水接触金属/类金属。这项工作将建立在最近完成的以下调查的基础上：(i)通过英格兰西南部的私人供水、食物和土壤接触砷(Middleton等人，2016a, 2016b；2016c)和（ii）印度水稻的砷暴露和遗传毒性（Mondal和Polya, 2008； Mondal等人，2008；Mondal等人，2010，Banerjee等人，2013；Polya等人，2016），由曼彻斯特砷研究小组和HSL对铬的新型呼吸冷凝物生物监测（Cr（III）和Cr(VI) Leese， Morton等人，2016）；最后（iii）实地研究（Hg； Guedron等人，2014）、环境危害统计建模（As； Sovann和Polya， 2014）和生物监测数据（Smolders， Warren等人，2014）。

This project will: (i) review existing work of metal/loid distribution in urban environmental media, exposure routes and modelling human health impacts; together with biomonitoring reference values for arsenic, lead , cadmium and mercury (ii) systematically determine the concentration, speciation and mineralogical (as appropriate) associations of arsenic, lead, cadmium and/or mercury, in key environmental media from representative sites around Greater Manchester ; (iii) evaluate representative human exposure through a combination of food frequency and behaviour questionnaires and biomonitoring of urine, hair, nails, blood and breath condensates as appropriate; (iv) develop models of public health impacts arising from these exposures; and (v) develop risk management options for the Greater Manchester authority to consider, along with other instruments, to cost effectively reduce public health non-communicable disease burden arising from environmental chemical exposures in the Greater Manchester area. A scoping study of the relative importance of various element/exposure route combinations will be carried out to enable more focussed studies to be executed on the most important of these. It is anticipated that this may well lead to a closer focussing on work on: (i) Mineralogical controls on exposures from airborne particulates (ii) Tracking particulate (e.g. PM10, PM25) exposure with personalised samplers coupled with GIS tracker data (iii) Exposure to arsenic in rice of particularly vulnerable communities (iv) Metal/metalloid exposure via drinking water The work will build upon recently completed investigations of (i) arsenic exposure through private water supplies, food and soil in south-west England (Middleton et al., 2016a, 2016b, 2016c) and (ii) arsenic exposure and genotoxicity through rice in India (Mondal and Polya, 2008; Mondal et al., 2008; Mondal et al., 2010, Banerjee et al., 2013; Polya et al., 2016), by the Manchester Arsenic Research Group and of novel breath condensate biomonitoring of chromium by HSL (Cr(III) & Cr(VI) Leese, Morton et al., 2016); and lastly (iii) field studies (Hg; Guedron et al., 2014) and statistical modelling of environmental hazards (As; Sovann and Polya, 2014) and biomonitoring data (Smolders, Warren et al., 2014)