A Comparative Analysis of European Asylum Policy: Welfare Regimes, Refugees and Rights

移民和庇护问题已成为整个西欧公共辩论中极具争议的领域，几个欧盟（欧盟）成员国竞选活动中出现的极右翼和民粹主义政治迅速崛起就是例证。在此背景下，欧盟对“难民危机”反应滞后的关键特征，如负责确定如何以及在何处处理庇护申请人的欧洲共同庇护系统（CEAS）和都柏林条例，已迅速瓦解，揭示了欧洲各地难民分布的不平等，以及希腊和意大利等国家的过度接待能力。各成员国在确定寻求庇护者的法律的地位方面的不同程序也是一个问题（Ostrand，2015年），因为在瑞典、西班牙和荷兰等国越来越多地使用完全的“难民地位”和“辅助保护”之间的差异，导致寻求庇护者的权利和保护不平等。这种决定变得越来越重要，地区差异的例子越来越多，影响到个人享有无上限居住权、扩大享受福利方案和家庭团聚的权利。这种异质性带来了最前沿的担忧，即表面上基于相互尊重人权的欧盟自由民主国家未能实现欧盟宪法所载的合作，团结和平等的基本价值观，并导致了“彩票系统”的建立。（人权观察，2015年，第15页），其中保护是为少数人保留的特权（Boccardie，2002年），并凭借运气给予。

Migration and asylum issues have emerged as highly contentious areas of public debate across Western Europe, as exemplified by the rapid emergence of far-right and populist politics witnessed across electoral campaigns of several European Union (EU) member states. Amid the backdrop, key features of the of EU's lagging response to the 'Refugee Crisis', such as the Common European Asylum System (CEAS) and Dublin Regulations, responsible for determining how and where asylum claimants are processed, has quickly disintegrated, revealing the unequal distribution of refugees across Europe, and the overstretched reception capabilities in counties such as Greece and Italy. Diverging procedures across member states in determining the legal status of asylum seekers is further problematic (Ostrand, 2015), as disparities between full 'refugee status' and 'subsidiary protection', increasingly used in countries such as Sweden, Spain and the Netherlands, have prompted unequal rights and protections for individuals seeking asylum. Such determinations have become increasingly important, with growing examples of regional disparity, effecting individuals' rights to uncapped residence, extended access to welfare programmes and provisions for family reunification. This heterogeneity brings to the forefront concerns ,that EU liberal democracies, ostensibly based on the mutual respect for human rights, have failed to deliver on the fundamental values of cooperation, solidarity and equality, which are enshrined in the constitution of the EU, and have led to the creation of a 'lottery system' (Human Rights Watch, 2015, p. 15) in which protection is reserved for the privilege of the few (Boccardie, 2002), and bestowed by virtue of luck.