Message Framing Effects on Youth's Smoking Behavior

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年和年轻人戒烟计划应用了基于阶段和社会心理学的态度-行为关系模型。当青少年和年轻人尝试并继续吸烟时，他们认为吸烟的积极结果比消极结果更突出。 随着他们成为经常吸烟者，他们对吸烟的积极态度和结果预期变得更加稳固。相反，当他们考虑戒烟时，消极的态度和消极的结果预期变得更加突出。这些研究结果表明，可能有最佳时刻，吸烟的积极和消极方面的沟通可能是最有影响力的影响吸烟轨迹。不幸的是，现存的文献提供了很少的见解，如何最好地说服不吸烟的优点和吸烟的缺点在年龄较大的青少年和年轻人在吸烟的各个阶段，以及可能的机制，他们的假设的有效性。几种健康行为的证据，以及我们的试点数据，表明人们被不同的信息所说服，这些信息被认为是收益或损失。收益框架信息突出了参与或不参与行动过程的优点;损失框架信息突出了参与或不参与行动过程的缺点。更大规模的试验测试获得或损失框架信息的说服力，以影响年龄较大的青少年和年轻的成年吸烟者（例如，社区大学生的戒烟意愿和戒烟尝试，以及他们的假设有效性的机制缺乏。这些问题构成了这项为期三年的研究的基础。使用两组（增益与丢失帧视频）前后（一个月和六个月）纵向实验设计使用了大约390名年龄在18-24岁之间的社区大学生，研究探讨了获得和损失框架信息如何与吸烟变化阶段相互作用，如跨理论模型所定义的，影响：1）戒烟的动机和意图，以及严重的戒烟尝试; 2）收益与损失框架信息的假定有效性的机制，以影响上述结果作为阶段的函数。这项研究是第一次尝试评估的动机/意图戒烟和戒烟尝试和调解人的假设有效性作为一个功能的阶段，很少研究的社区大学生吸烟者对有说服力的框架戒烟信息的反应。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescent and young adult smoking cessation programs have applied stage-based and social psychological models of attitude-behavior relations. As teens and young adults experiment with and continue to smoke, they perceive the positive smoking outcomes as more salient than the negative outcomes. As they become regular smokers, their positive attitudes and outcome expectancies towards smoking become more solidified. Conversely, as they contemplate quitting, negative attitudes and negative outcome expectancies become more salient. These findings suggest that there may be optimal moments when the communication of positive and negative aspects of smoking may be most influential at affecting the smoking trajectory. Unfortunately, the extant literature provides very little insights about how to best communicate persuasively the pros of not smoking and cons of smoking among older teens and young adults at various stages of smoking, and possible mechanisms for their presumed effectiveness. Evidence across several health behaviors, and from our pilot data, suggest that people are persuaded differently by messages framed as gains or losses. Gain-framed messages highlight the advantages of either engaging or not engaging in a course of action; loss-frame messages highlight the disadvantages of either engaging or not engaging in a course of action. Larger trials testing the persuasiveness of gain- or loss-framed messages to affect older teens and young adult smokers' (e.g., community college students) intentions to quit and quit attempts, and the mechanisms for their presumed effectiveness are lacking. These issues form the bases of this three-year study. Employing a two-group (gain vs. loss-frame video) pre-post (one and six month) longitudinal experimental design using approximately 390 community college students between the ages of 18-24, the study examines how gain- and loss-framed messages interact with smoking stages of change, as defined by the Transtheoretical Model, to affect: 1) the motivation and intention to quit, and serious quit attempts, and 2) mechanisms for the presumed effectiveness of gain- versus loss-framed messages to affect the aforementioned outcomes as a function of stage. This study is the first to attempt to assess reactions toward persuasively framed cessation messages on the motivation/intentions to quit and quit attempts and mediators for their presumed effectiveness as a function of stage in rarely studied populations of community college student smokers.