Collecting, Debating and Contesting Data through Visualization

数据可视化界面仍然是单向创建和通信过程的产物：从数据源到受众。这个过程是由设计师和领域专家策划的，他们心中有特定的目标、任务和受众。通常，这会导致对数据的专用（但可能是单面的）透视图。这方面的一个例子是政府或公司收集的城市数据的可视化。这种可视化的受众是市民，他们通过日常的城市经验获得相关的知识，但他们无法在可视化中表达自己的观点。我们重新审视参与式可视化的概念：关于这个主题的先前工作主要集中在共同工作以形成数据的视觉表示或注释的方法上。我们把可视化界面的参与潜力看作是一种邀请，邀请人们就它所代表的数据展开对话。参与式可视化可以在为共同理解而可视化数据和使用可视化作为数据收集、验证、争论和讨论的接口之间创造一种富有成效的张力。我们描述了对数据进行询问、注释和讨论的工作。这种参与式可视化的重点和新颖之处在于，它非常注重包括对数据有个人观点的多样化、远程和大量受众。这对讲故事、读写和注释提出了挑战：人们如何在数据可视化中表达自己？在同一地点的研讨会上，参与者可以对打印的可视化内容进行注释。我们寻求与所呈现数据的个人关系的表达，以及这些表达如何随着不同的设置和数据集而变化。我们正在寻找表达式中的模式，这些模式允许对它们的意图、形式、内容以及它们在可视化中的位置做出结论。人们分享观点的动机是什么？他们需要什么样的界面？基于前面的结论，我们设想数字用户界面允许对可视化进行更可扩展的远程注释。例如，使用参与式地图让公民根据他们的日常经验对他们社区的人口普查数据进行辩论。这个过程带来了一个挑战，那就是确定什么样的激励因素能激励人们分享个人观点。我们如何将这些个人观点形象化？现有的可视化技术和设计模式不足以表现情境知识，这些知识不是客观的，而是个人的，多声音的和社会建构的。在将可视化管道扩展到考虑周到的数据收集之后，我们期望收集洞察力，最终形成将定性数据嵌入可视化的策略。人们越来越多地认识到数据的位置和构造性质，但主要是理论上的。通过参与式可视化，我们致力于一种实用的方法来收集和表示个人与机构数据集的关系。这可以用于各种情况：政策制定的利益相关者受益于可扩展的工具，以众包人们的意见——例如在城市规划中，机构规划者、活动家和公民科学家寻求在城市流动性、住房政策或气候变化影响等问题上整合当地的观点。这个想法也适用于数据驱动的新闻：到目前为止，数据档案的读者可以对文章进行整体评论，但几乎没有可能改变他们贡献的粒度和目标。通过更精确的注释接口，参与式数据档案可以成为讨论主题的受众驱动的在线表示。

Data visualization interfaces remain artifacts of a unidirectional creation and communication process: from the data source to the audience. This process is curated by designers and domain experts with specific goals, tasks, and audiences in mind. Typically, this results in a dedicated, but possibly single-sided perspective onto the data. One example for this are visualizations of urban data collected by governments or corporations. The audience of such visualizations are citizens, who have relevant knowledge through their everyday experience of the city - but they have no means of voicing their perspective within the visualization.We revisit the concept of participatory visualization: Prior work on this topic has focused on ways of working together to shape the visual representation or annotation of data. We look at the participatory potential of visualization interfaces as an invitation to start a dialogue about the data it represents. Participatory visualization can create a fruitful tension between visualizing the data for common understanding and using the visualizations as an interface for data collection, verification, contestation, and discussion.We describe efforts that imply interrogation, annotation, and discussion of data. The focus and novelty of this participatory visualization lies in its strong focus on including a diverse, remote, and large audience that has a personal perspective on the data. This poses challenges for storytelling, literacy, and annotation:How do people express themselves in data visualizations? In co-located workshops, participants can annotate printed visualizations. We seek expressions of personal relations to the presented data and how these expressions change with different settings and datasets. We are looking for patterns in the expressions that allow conclusions about their intention, form, content, and where in the visualization they anchor.What are incentives for people to share their opinions and what interfaces do they need for that? Based on the previous conclusions, we imagine digital user interfaces that allow for more scalable, remote annotation of visualizations. For example, using participatory maps to let citizens contest census data about their neighborhood based on their everyday experience. This process comes with the challenge to determine what incentives motivate people to share personal perspectives. How can we visualize these personal perspectives? Existing visualization techniques and design patterns are insufficient to represent situated knowledge that is not objective, but personal, polyvocal and socially constructed. After extending the visualization pipeline to the considerate and deliberate collection of data, we expect to collect insights that culminate in strategies to embed qualitative data in visualizations.There is an increasing, yet mostly theoretical recognition of the situated and constructed nature of data. With participatory visualization we work towards a practical approach to collect and represent personal relations to institutional datasets. This can be used in various scenarios: Stakeholders in policy-making benefit from scalable tools to crowdsource people's opinions - for example in urban planning, where institutional planners as well as activists and citizen scientists seek to integrate local perspectives on issues like urban mobility, housing policy, or climate change impact. The idea also applies to data-driven journalism: As of now, readers of data dossiers can comment the articles as a whole, but have little possibility to change the granularity and aim of their contributions. With more precise annotation interfaces, participatory data dossiers can become audience-driven online representations of discussed topics.