A Multilevel Study of Young Children's Emotional Health

该建议旨在研究个人，家庭和邻里对幼儿的攻击性，注意力和焦虑（心理健康）的影响。这些关联是使用芝加哥社区人类发展项目（PHDCN）的数据进行探索的，该项目是一项多层次研究，其中家庭是从按种族/民族分层的80个芝加哥社区中随机选择的（7个类别，包括同质和异质构成（以及SES（高、中、低）），代表居住在广泛的芝加哥社区的家庭（N = 2269，16%欧洲裔美国人，35%非洲裔美国人和43%拉丁美洲人）。对于该提案，将对2个队列的儿童使用3波数据，第一次是在6个月时，第二次是在3岁和5岁时（0队列），第二次在3岁时观察到，再次在5岁和76岁时观察到（3队列）三种类型的情绪问题-攻击，当0队列为3岁和5岁，3队列为3岁、5岁和7岁时，测量焦虑和注意力困难。此外，在6个月和5年时收集0队列的调节措施（延迟满足、运动控制和持续注意力）。邻里特征（收入，贫困，种族/民族组成，就业和住宅稳定性）和过程（规范和集体效能，机构资源，纽带和关系）在第一波和第三波之前进行了评估。还将对来自在这些相同时间点收集的邻域的2个观察结果的更接近的"微邻域"过程进行编码。有趣的特征（收入，单亲家庭，种族/民族，父母就业和动荡）和过程（暴力，冲突和侵略，父母的温暖/严厉，父母的心理健康，发展刺激，以及例程和连通性）在所有3个波中进行了测量。评估的儿童特征包括性别、新生儿健康和气质。这个项目将解决5个主要问题：（一）个人，家庭和邻里特征与幼儿的情绪健康？(B)家庭过程介导或缓和协会之间的个人，家庭和邻里的特点和幼儿的情绪健康？(c)幼儿"微"邻里情境的显著特征是什么？这些和其他邻里过程调解或缓和协会之间的个人，家庭和邻里的特点和幼儿的情绪健康？(D)从一个大的、城市的、多样化的样本中，在以家庭为基础的环境中采访的学龄前儿童的自我调节的分布是什么？这种分布是否因儿童、家庭和邻里的影响以及学龄前儿童的情绪健康而异？总之，这项调查是一个独特的机会，以解决社区在幼儿及其家庭的生活中的作用，同时使用国家的最先进的方法来衡量邻里过程以及幼儿的行为。预计这项研究的结果将解决旨在改善幼儿心理健康的干预计划的潜在目标。

This proposal is designed to examine individual, family and neighborhood influences on young children's aggression, attention, and anxiety (mental health). These associations are explored using data from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods (PHDCN), a multi-level study in which households were randomly selected from 80 Chicago neighborhoods stratified by race/ethnicity (7 categories including homogenous and heterogenous make-ups( and SES (high, medium, & low) to be representative of families living in a wide range of Chicago neighborhoods (N=2269, 16% European Americans, 35% African American, & 43% Latinos). For this proposal, 3 waves of data will be used for 2 cohorts of children, the first seen when they were 6 months and again at ages 3 and 5 (0 cohort), and the second seen at 3 years and again at ages 5 and 76 (3 cohort) Three types of emotional problems- aggression, anxiety and attentional difficulties-were measured when the 0 cohort was ages 3 and 5 and the 3 cohort was ages 3, 5, and 7. In addition, regulation measures (delay of gratification, motor control, and sustained attention) were collected for the 0 cohort at 6 months and 5 years. Neighborhood characteristics (income, poverty, racial/ethnic composition, employment, & residential stability) and processes (norms and collective efficacy, institutional resources, & ties and relationships were assessed just before wave 1 and at the time of wave 3. More proximal "micro-neighborhood" processes from 2 observations of neighborhoods collected at these same time points also will be coded. Funny characteristics (income, single- parenthood, race/ethnicity, parental employment, and turbulence) and processes (violence, conflict, and aggression, parental warmth/harshness, parental mental health, developmental stimulation, & routines & connectedness) were measured at all 3 waves. Child characteristics assessed include gender, neonatal health, and temperament. This project will address 5 primary questions: (a) Are individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics associated with young children's emotional health? (B) Do family processes mediate or moderate associations among individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics and young children's emotional health? (c) What are the salient features of "micro" neighborhood contexts of young children? Do these and other neighborhood processes mediate or moderate associations among individual, family, and neighborhood characteristics and young children's emotional health? (D) What is the distribution of self- regulation among preschool children drawn from a large, urban, and diverse sample interviewed in home-based settings? Does this distribution vary by child, family, and neighborhood influences and preschool children's emotional health? In sum, this investigation is a unique opportunity to address the role of neighborhoods in the lives of young children and their families, while using state-of-the-art methodologies to measure neighborhood processes as well as young children's behavior. It is expected that results from this study will address potential targets of intervention for programs aimed at improving young children's mental health.