A linguistic ethnographic approach to identity construction in in sex workers' narratives in England and Greece

大多数性工作者的需求仍然没有得到满足，因为暴力、仇恨犯罪、歧视和社会排斥仍然是她们在全球面临的问题(全球性工作项目网络[NSWP]，2017)。大多数相关的法律框架，如果不是将性工作者和提供有偿的性服务定为刑事犯罪，那么就是将第三方或客户的参与定为刑事犯罪。除其他外，这些政策在很大程度上借鉴了可以广泛描述为反性工作和亲性工作学者之间的辩论，前者将性工作视为一种有害的文化实践，构成了一种形式的暴力(Jeffreys，2008)，而后者避开了对性的传统道德理解，将其视为合法的工作。在英格兰，尽管“全国各地对卖淫的监管和执法工作的优先次序和资源分配不均”，但成年人之间自愿买卖的性服务是合法的，但各种与卖淫有关的活动(如拉客)是非法的(跨党派议会卖淫和全球性交易小组[APPG]，2014)。同样，在希腊，性工作受到不再满足时代需求和污名化性工作者的法律的监管(欧洲性工作者权利国际委员会[ICRSE]，2017)，这使它成为研究性工作的另一个有趣的地方。到目前为止，只有少数研究关注性工作者的身份建构(Benoit等人，2018；Chowdhury，2006；Oliveira，2017；Read，2013)，基本上忽视了语言和社会之间的相互构成关系(Fairclough，2013)。鉴于社会身份在语言的语境使用和与其他符号模式(如副语言、体现)的互动中被广泛地产生(再)(Koller，2012)，深入分析性工作者产生的话语不仅可以解构关于他们的刻板印象，而且可以揭示关于他们的实体的大量信息，以及这些身份是如何出现、作用和嵌入互动中的。这样的探索也可以提供对性工作的更普遍的社会学、心理学和临床方法的替代，这些方法主要集中在驱动性工作的因素、它与健康的关系以及被排斥的程度(Balfour&Allen，2014)。有鉴于此，我在论文中的目的是通过遵循语言人种学的方法来研究性工作是如何在性工作者自己的描述中被话语地表现和理解的，从而为性工作者的身份提供语言学和社会科学的知识。我的博士学位旨在回答以下研究问题和子问题：英国和希腊的性工作者如何谈论性工作以及他们如何与之相关的自我介绍？a)性工作者的性别和性认同如何影响他们表现性工作的方式？b)客户和工作场所如何以及在多大程度上影响性工作者对工作的态度？c)英格兰和希腊的性工作者如何谈论他们国家的性工作的法律框架？d)性工作者的叙述中提到了希腊和英国有关性工作的法律框架的哪些方面，以及它们是如何描述、评估和理解的

Most sex workers' needs remain unmet as violence, hate crimes, discrimination and social exclusionare among the problems they still face globally (Global Network of Sex Work Projects [NSWP], 2017).The majority of relevant legal frameworks, if not criminalising sex workers and the offer of paid sexualservices, criminalise either the involvement of third-parties or clients. Among others, these policiesgreatly draw on what could be broadly described as a debate between anti-sex-work and pro-sex-workscholars, where the former view sex work as a harmful cultural practice constituting a form of violence(Jeffreys, 2008) while the latter, eschewing traditional, moral understandings of sexuality, view it as alegitimate work. In England, while "policing and enforcement of prostitution is unevenly prioritised andresourced throughout the country", the sale/purchase of sexual services between consenting adults islegal but various prostitution related activities (e.g. soliciting) are illegal (All-Party Parliamentary Groupon Prostitution and the Global Sex Trade [APPG], 2014). Similarly, in Greece, sex work is regulated bylaws that no longer address the needs of the era and stigmatise sex workers (International Committeeon the Rights of Sex Workers in Europe [ICRSE], 2017), rendering it another interesting site for thestudy of sex work.To date, only a few studies have focused on sex workers' identity construction (Benoit et al., 2018;Chowdhury, 2006; Oliveira, 2017; Read, 2013), largely disregarding the mutually constitutiverelationship between language and society (Fairclough, 2013). Given that social identities areextensively (re)produced in language in its contextual use and its interactions with other semiotic modes (e.g. paralanguage, embodiment) (Koller, 2012), an in-depth analysis of discourse produced bysex workers can not only deconstruct stereotypes about them but also reveal a great deal about theiridentities and how such identities emerge, function and are embedded in interaction. Such anexploration can also offer an alternative to the more prevalent, sociological, psychological and clinicalapproaches to sex work, which focus predominantly on the factors driving entrance to sex work, itsrelationship with health and the levels of exclusion (Balfour & Allen, 2014).In view of the above, my aim in my thesis is to contribute to the linguistic and social scientificknowledge on sex workers' identity by following a linguistic ethnographic approach to examine how sexwork is discursively represented and understood in sex workers' own accounts. My PhD aims to address the following research question and sub-questions:How do sex workers in England and Greece talk about sex work and how do they present themselvesin relation to it?a) How do sex workers' gender and sexual identity affect their way of representing sex work?b) How and to what extent are sex workers' attitudes towards their job affected by clientèle andworksite?c) How do sex workers in England and in Greece talk about the legal frameworks regulating sex work intheir country?d) What aspects of the legal frameworks concerning sex work in Greece and in England are mentionedin sex workers' narratives and how are they described, evaluated and made sense of