Intentions and the Ethics of Therapeutic Use Exemptions: a Conceptual and Empirical Study

哲学。2018年3月5日，DCMS特别委员会发布了一份关于英国体育中兴奋剂和反兴奋剂的报告。在布拉德利·威金斯和天空之队的案件中，它表示，虽然没有违反世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）的规定，但其活动：“确实越过了大卫·布雷斯福德（David Brailsford）所说的他自己为天空之队（....）划定的道德界限。在这种情况下，……我们认为天空车队在遵守世界反兴奋剂机构规定的情况下使用药物是为了提高车手的成绩，而不仅仅是为了治疗需要。”（DCMS 2018）该声明不足以解释为什么认为该行为是错误的。这条“道德底线”究竟在体育运动中的tue和药物违规范围内处于什么位置？除了遵守规则之外，对于任何给定的TUE使用，必须满足哪些标准才能被认为是道德的？这些问题必须得到回答，因为不道德行为的建议，即使没有构成兴奋剂违规的具体行为，也有可能对运动员、教练、医务人员、球队和特许经营权的未来公众形象和职业生涯造成严重损害，就像天空队的情况一样。在目前的兴奋剂法规范围内，使用tue存在道德问题，这一概念并不是孤立于这一案例的。在现行规则的范围内，对于所谓的滥用tue，这种不明确的道德界限的概念也是如此。英国广播公司的一部纪录片援引英国前自行车队教练谢恩·萨顿的话说：

Philosophy.On 5th March 2018 the DCMS Select Committee issued a report on Doping and Anti-Doping in UK Sport. In the case of Bradley Wiggins and Team Sky it stated that, while there was no violation of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code, its activity: "does cross the ethical line that David Brailsford says he himself drew for Team Sky.... In this case, ... we believe that drugs were being used by Team Sky, within the WADA rules, to enhance the performance of riders, and not just to treat medical need." (DCMS 2018) This statement is insufficient in providing an explanation of exactly why it was felt that the behaviour was wrong. Where exactly does this "ethical line" sit in the scope of TUEs and drug violations in sport? What criteria must be met, in addition to complying with the rules, for any given use of a TUE to be considered ethical? These questions must be answered, as suggestions of immoral practice, even without a specific practice constituting a doping violation, have the potential to cause serious damage to the future public image and career of athletes, coaches, medical staff, and teams and franchises as seen in the case of Team Sky. This notion that there is an ethical issue with the use of TUEs that is not being properly captured within the current scope of doping regulations is not isolated to this one case. The same can be said of the conception of this undefined ethical line for the alleged misuse TUEs within the boundaries of the current rules. Former Team GB cycling coach Shane Sutton was quoted in a BBC documentary as saying: