PRECURSORS OF RETARDATION IN CHILDREN WITH TEEN MOTHERS

这项拟议研究的目的是了解导致青少年母亲的孩子出现各种学校相关延迟的社会和心理因素。青春期母亲在分娩前后的显著特征已经确定，并与婴儿和紧急儿童特征相结合，用于预测上学期间的发育，从而为预测青春期的发育迟缓奠定了基础。当每个孩子年满14岁时，将收集100对夫妇的母婴功能测量数据。早期预测变量（风险因素）的选择以我们的青少年养育概念模型为指导；这些因素包括母亲的认知准备、社会情绪调整、父母行为和儿童早期特征，如气质和依恋状态。中介变量和结果变量的选择受到自我调节、元认知理论、学业成就和儿童从童年到青春期的社会情绪适应等方面的兴趣的影响。我们将评估预测变量与学业成绩、智力低下、学习障碍和行为障碍的关系，以及儿童的社会情绪适应和元认知（尤其是自我调节）是否介导预测变量对结果变量的影响。我们也对记录、预测和理解青少年“危险行为”的原因感兴趣。因此，所有在14岁时收集的数据都将在怀孕、婴儿期和儿童期收集的数据的背景下进行考虑，作为先前拨款的一部分。将评估产妇和儿童领域内功能的连续性，并从横断面和纵向角度审查各领域之间的关系。研究的重点是利用新的和已经收集到的母亲、儿童和社会环境信息，预测儿童在14岁时的学业和社会情绪适应能力。第二感兴趣的是追踪母亲的发展和相互关联的母亲和儿童的发展轨迹。该项目的总体目标是确定导致美国儿童相关问题的主要因素，这些问题尚未得到很好的理解：青少年母亲的孩子进入青春期后发育迟缓的原因。层次线性模型（HLM）将用于研究样本随时间的平均个体内部变化以及个体间变化的差异。HLM使我们能够评估发展轨迹的静态和动态相关性以及它们之间的相互关系。该项目的意义在于试图通过使用多变量、透视、纵向设计，在青少年母亲及其子女的代表性样本中揭示“新发病”现象。

The goal of the proposed research is to understand the social and psychological factors that precipitate various school-related delays in children of teen mothers. Salient characteristics in adolescent mothers, subsequent to and following deliver, have identified and, in combination with infant and emergent child characteristics, used to predict development during the school years, thus setting the stage for predicting developmental delays during adolescence. Measures of maternal and child functioning for 100 dyads will be gathered when each child is 14 years of age. The selection of early predictor variables (risk factors) has been guided by our conceptual model of adolescent parenting; these include maternal cognitive readiness, socioemotional adjustment, parenting behaviors, and early child characteristics such as temperament and attachment status. The selection of mediator and outcome variables has been influenced by our interests in self- regulation, metacognitive theory, academic achievement, and socioemotional adjustment as the children proceed through childhood into adolescence. We will evaluate how the predictor variables are related to academic achievement, mental retardation, learning disabilities and behavior disorders, and whether children's socioemotional adjustment and metacognition (especially self-regulation) mediate the influence of the predictor variables on the outcome variables. We are also interested in documenting, predicting, and understanding the causes of "risky behaviors" during adolescence. Thus, all of the measures to be gathered at age 14 will be considered within the context of data already gathered during pregnancy, infancy, and childhood as part of previous grants. Continuity of functioning within maternal and child domains will be assessed and relationships across domains examined form cross-sectional as well as longitudinal perspectives. The central focus is on predicting children's academic and socioemotional adjustment at age 14 using new and already gathered maternal, child, and social-environmental information. Secondary interests lie in tracing maternal development and interrelating maternal and child developmental trajectories. The project's overall aim is to identify the factors that underlie major, and not well understood, child-related problems in the U.S.: The causes of developmental delays in children of teen mothers as they enter their adolescent years. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) will be used to study average intraindividual changes in the sample over time as well as interindividual differences in change. HLM enables us to assess both static and dynamic correlates of developmental trajectories as well as their interrelationships. The significance of the project lies in the attempt to unravel the "new morbidity" phenomenon in a representative sample of adolescent mothers and their children through the use of a multivariate, perspective, longitudinal design.