Exploring the Complex and Contradictory Role(s) of Women within the UK Far Right

社会运动研究最近将注意力转向极右翼，并记录了各种行为者及其行动剧目，如政党政治，街头动员和在线行动主义（卡斯泰利Gattinara和Pirro，2018）。极右翼运动的一个关键特征是他们的本土主义或民族主义，将某些“他人”排除在民族国家的概念之外（同上）。近年来，极右翼支持率的增长令人担忧，即使在英国，这只导致了有限的选举收益，他们也看到了一些相当大的成功，如英国退欧。这不仅是一个政治问题，因为主流政党的反应是进一步右倾，而且是一个社会问题，因为极右意识形态威胁到社会稳定（杰克曼和沃尔波特，1996年）。因此，极右势力的崛起引起了政治家和社会科学家的关注，导致学术界对该运动几乎所有方面的兴趣增加（Mudde，2002;福特，Goodwin和Cutts，2011;福特和Goodwin，2014; Portelinha和Elcheroth，2016; Inglehart和Norris，2017，2019; Miller-Idriss，2017; Doerr，2017; Leidig，2020）。尽管研究激增，但在这一领域关于性别问题的工作相对较少。此外，那些关注这一主题的人受到极右翼支持的性别差距问题的指导，因为男性比女性更有可能正式参与运动（Givens，2004; Rippeyoung，2007; Harteveld et al，2015; Spiritary和Zaslove，2017）。最近，研究还考虑了极右翼如何通过利用性别话语来缩小这种性别差距，以使他们的反移民和反变性动员“合法化”（Fekete，2006; Akkerman和Hagelund，2007; Erel，2018; Duina和卡森，2019; Phipps，2020）。

Social movement studies have recently turned their attention to the far right anddocumented the variety of actors and their action repertoires such as party politics, streetmobilisation and online activism (Castelli Gattinara and Pirro, 2018). A key characteristic farright movements share is their nativism or nationalism, excluding certain 'others' from theirconcept of the nation-state (ibid.). There has been a worrying growth in far right support inrecent years, and even if in the UK this has only led to limited electoral gains, they have seensome considerable successes such as Brexit. This is a problem not only politically, asmainstream parties react by shifting further to the right, but for society, as far right ideologythreatens social stability (Jackman and Volport, 1996).The rise of the far right has therefore been a concern for politicians and social scientistsalike, leading to an increase in academic interest in nearly every aspect of the movement(Mudde, 2002; Ford, Goodwin and Cutts, 2011; Ford and Goodwin, 2014; Portelinha andElcheroth, 2016; Inglehart and Norris, 2017, 2019; Miller-Idriss, 2017; Doerr, 2017; Leidig,2020). Despite this proliferation of research, there is comparatively little work in this field ongender. Furthermore, those that do focus on this topic are guided by questions of the gendergap in far right support, as men are more likely to formally participate in the movement thanwomen (Givens, 2004; Rippeyoung, 2007; Harteveld et al, 2015; Spierings and Zaslove,2017). More recently, studies have also considered how the far right narrow this gender gapby instrumentalising gender discourses to 'legitimise' their anti-immigration and antitransgendermobilisation (Fekete, 2006; Akkerman and Hagelund, 2007; Erel, 2018; Duinaand Carson, 2019; Phipps, 2020).