Work, Leisure and Gender: A Time-use Study of England, 1700-1850

本文将用一种创新的方法来研究1700-1850年间英国的时间使用情况。将收集关于个人和他们在特定时刻进行的活动的数据。这些数据将被分析，以了解活动和时间是如何被性别划分的。这将是对十八世纪和十九世纪英国的第一次详细的时间利用研究。它的方法将扩展到其他量化时间使用、工作和休闲的尝试。它将迫切地推动关于工作和休闲的意义和价值的辩论，围绕性别不平等和被低估的无偿劳动的贡献展开辩论。该项目的核心方法是从教会和刑事法院(四分之一会议和审判)的记录中收集利用时间的例子及其背景。这将包括城市和农村地区，当新冠肺炎的限制允许必要的档案工作和旅行时，确切的地点就会确定。这篇论文将遵循海尔伍德和惠特尔(约2016年)的方法来记录每一项工作活动，以及进行这项活动的人、时间和地点以及法庭案件类型的详细信息。本论文将通过将同样的记录原则应用于休闲活动来发展这一方法。记录的活动将根据它们是工作还是休闲进行分类，并进一步细分，例如农业或护理工作。这种方法模拟了一种“随机现场”的时间使用调查，即只在研究期间的特定时刻观察参与者(UN 2005：16)。该数据库将用于解决研究问题，例如检查不同活动中的性别平衡、男性和女性在工作和休闲上花费的时间以及女性和男性在家中花费的时间比例。这段时期将被分成四分之一个世纪来研究随着时间的推移而发生的变化。这对这一时期的许多史学问题是至关重要的。我今年正在写一篇硕士论文，使用了较小的来源样本，并改进了方法，特别是关于最有效的来源和休闲活动的分类。博士将进一步发展这种方法，并考虑不同的地理区域。在第一年，我会写一篇文献综述，制定一篇逐章的论文计划，开始开发数据库，并进行中期分析。在第二年，我将完成数据收集和数据库。在第三年，我将完成数据分析并撰写论文。我将利用惠特尔教授的联系人与玛丽亚·奥格伦的团队合作，在乌普萨拉大学的性别与工作项目中使用类似的方法。这项研究的潜在影响是双重的。首先，工作和时间使用具有巨大的当代相关性。工作的定义受到高度质疑，随着通信技术侵蚀有偿工作和无偿工作之间的差距，人们对工作的定义越来越有争议。大流行造成的额外无偿护理和家务劳动由妇女承担的比例不成比例，这将按性别划分的工作和时间使用问题置于公共辩论的前沿(例如，见国家统计局2020a和2020b)。时间利用研究仍然至关重要(例如，见Gershuny等人)。2020)。通过对时间使用的历史研究，本文将展示如何从具有挑战性的证据和不同的研究角度来理解时间使用。其次，本论文将对上述十八、十九世纪的性别史作出重要贡献。此外，它将通过定量和定性相结合的方法，通过研究工作和休闲的文化意义和价值以及工作和经济的参与率，跨越AHRC和ESRC之间的界限。

This thesis will use an innovative methodology to study time use in England 1700-1850. Data will be collected on individuals and the activities they were performing at specific moments. These data will be analysed to understand how activities and time were gendered. It will be the first detailed time use study for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century England. Its methodology will expand on other attempts to quantify time-use, work, and leisure. It will contribute with urgency to debates about the meaning and value of work and leisure, centring around gender inequality and the under-valued contributions of unpaid labour. The core methodology of this project is to collect examples of time-use and their context from the records of church and criminal courts (quarter sessions and assizes). This will include urban and rural areas, with precise locations determined when Covid-19 restrictions allow the necessary archive work and travel. This thesis will follow Hailwood's and Whittle's (ca. 2016) methodology in recording each work activity alongside details of the person undertaking it, time and location, and the type of court case. This thesis will develop the methodology by applying the same recording principles to leisure activities. Recorded activities will be categorised according to whether they are work or leisure and further subcategorised, for example as agricultural or care work. This approach simulates a 'random spot' time use survey, which involves observing participants only at specific moments during the study period (UN 2005: 16). This database will be used to address the research questions, for instance examining the gender balance in different activities, the time spent at work and leisure by men and women, and the proportion of time spent at home by women and men. The period will be divided into quarter-centuries to study change over time. This is vital to many of the historiographical issues of this period. I am writing a Masters dissertation this year using a smaller sample of sources and refining the method, particularly regarding the most effective sources and the categorisation of leisure activities. The PhD will further develop this method and consider different geographical areas. In the first year I will write a literature review, develop a chapter-by-chapter thesis plan, begin to develop the database, and conduct interim analysis. In the second year I will complete data collection and the database. In the third year I will complete data analysis and write up the thesis. I will use Professor Whittle's contacts to collaborate with Maria Ågren's team using a similar method for the Gender and Work project at the University of Uppsala. The potential impact of this research is twofold. Firstly, work and time-use are of enormous contemporary relevance. The definition of work is highly contested, increasingly so as communication technology erodes the divide between paid and unpaid work. Extra unpaid caring and housework created by the pandemic have been disproportionately undertaken by women, bringing gendered work and time-use to the forefront of public debate (e.g. see ONS 2020a and 2020b). Time-use research remains of vital importance (e.g. see Gershuny et al. 2020). By studying time-use historically, this thesis will show how it can be understood from challenging evidence and a variety of research perspectives. Secondly, this thesis will make an important contribution to the history of gender in the eighteenth- and nineteenth-centuries as outlined above. Furthermore, it will cross the boundaries between the AHRC and ESRC by combining quantitative and qualitative methods and by studying the cultural meanings and value of work and leisure alongside participation rates in work and the economy.