Patterns of speech sounds after surgery: investigating infants' phonological development following full cleft palate restorative surgery.

在英国，每700名婴儿中就有1名出生时患有唇裂和/或腭裂（NHS，2020）。大多数腭裂（CP）婴儿接受完整的修复手术，但不一定会继续完全获得目标样语音（Hardin-Jones，2003，库默等人，2012年）。Wren（2017）表明，这些婴儿中有多达50%的人从未达到完全的语言能力，即使在完成腭重建后。这项研究旨在通过对早期发声的分析，更好地理解为什么成功进行腭裂修复手术的婴儿会持续存在言语困难。该方法集成了一个既定的理论-发音过滤假设（AFH）-由Vihman（2014：121）提出，该理论提出婴儿注意到输入语音中与其生产相匹配的单词，这反过来又鼓励了音素-牙牙学语的匹配行为（反馈回路），从而鼓励进一步的发声。AFH突出了早期言语产生的重要性，语音反馈回路为后来的语言学进步提供了关键基础。对婴儿发声和感知之间关系的研究还没有探索这种关键的联系是如何在腭裂修复后建立的。对AFH的洞察可以表明与护理人员输入的声学/语音特性匹配以用于目标样生产的重要性。研究问题：13-14个月时牙牙学语的声学语音特性如何（即，在发育正常的婴儿和腭裂修复后的婴儿之间，牙牙学语辅音的发音和语音特性是否不同？CP婴儿在多大程度上对自己的牙牙学语中照顾者的声音做出反应（根据Laing和Bergelson，2020年提出的框架）？在24个月和36个月时，牙牙学语和照顾者输入匹配的模式在多大程度上预测了言语和语言结果？一个比另一个更好的预测者吗？数据将来自腭裂集体言语和语言语料库（CC-SL），其中包括接受完全CP修复的讲英语的婴儿（Wren等人，2017）。CC-SL包含来自600多名儿童的数据，这些儿童从出生到5岁。数据是用语言环境分析或LENA设备（LENA研究基金会，2018）收集的，该设备捕获婴儿环境中的护理人员讲话。关键变量包括人口统计学、心理学、手术、听力和言语/语言数据。来自DePaolis等人（2010）的48名TD婴儿的语料库将作为有价值的对照样本;它包括一组14个月时母婴互动的自然记录，将对照CP数据测试组间差异。本研究以40名脑瘫婴儿（手术后）和40名TD婴儿（对照组）为样本，对语言发育（24个月和36个月）的CC-SL数据进行个体差异检验，以评估其是否能预测脑瘫婴儿的语言发育。描述性统计和语料库分析方法将有助于探索和分析两个主要变量在CP与TD婴儿的混合方法的方法：婴儿牙牙学语的声学语音特性在早期发声和照顾者输入和婴儿发声之间的偶然性。分析将包括以下阶段：-声学语音分析-使用PRAAT（Boersma et al. 2019）-13-14个月时的辅音库存。- 语音转录-使用ELAN（2020）-调查婴儿生产。- 转录一致/不一致的照顾者输入之前，婴儿发声，改编自莱恩和Bergelson（2020）。- 比较13-14个月时的辅音库存与24和36个月时的言语和语言结果

In the UK, 1 in every 700 babies are born with cleft lip and/or palate (NHS, 2020). Most infants with cleft palate (CP) receive full restorative surgery, but nevertheless will not necessarily go on to fully acquire target-like speech (Hardin-Jones, 2003, Kummer et al., 2012). Wren (2017) shows that as many as 50% of these infants never reach full speech proficiency, even after complete palate reconstruction. This research will aim to better understand why speech difficulties might persist in infants who have had successful cleft palate repair surgery through an analysis of early vocal production. The methodology integrates an established theory-the articulatory filter hypothesis (AFH)-presented by Vihman (2014:121) which proposes that infants notice words in input speech that match their production, and this, in turn, encourages a matching behaviour (feedback-loop) of phoneme-babble resemblances that encourage further vocal production. The AFH foregrounds the significance of production in early speech and that the phonological feedback-loop provides a key foundation for later linguistic advances. Research into the relationship between an infant's vocal production and their perception of has not yet explored how this crucial connection is established after cleft-palate repair. Insight into the AFH could indicate the importance of matching to the acoustic/phonetic properties of caregiver input for target-like production. Research Questions:How do the acoustic-phonetic properties of babble at 13-14 months (i.e., the articulatory and phonetic properties of babbled consonants) differ between typically developing infants and infants after cleft palate repair? To what extent do CP infants respond to the sounds of caregiver speech in their own babble (following the framework set out in Laing and Bergelson, 2020)? To what extent do patterns of babbling and caregiver input matching predict speech and language outcomes at 24 and 36 months? Is one a better predictor than the other? The data will be from the Cleft Collective Speech and Language corpus (CC-SL), which includes English-speaking infants who have undergone full CP restoration (Wren et al. 2017). CC-SL contains data from over 600 children who were studied from birth to 5 years. Data was collected with a language environment analysis-or LENA-device (LENA Research Foundation, 2018), which captures caregiver speech in the infant's environment. The key variables include demographic, psychological, surgical, hearing, and speech/language data. A corpus of 48 TD infants from DePaolis et al. (2010) will serve as a valuable control sample; it includes a set of naturalistic recordings of mother-child interactions at 14 months, which will be tested against CP data for group differences. The CC-SL data on language outcomes (at 24 and 36 months) will be tested for individual differences across CP infants to assess whether they predict language outcomes.The method will draw on a sample of 40 CP infants (post-surgery) and 40 TD infants (control group) to analyse phonological development and to determine whether the articulatory properties in babble can predict later speech outcomes in the CP infants. Descriptive statistics and corpus analysis approaches will serve to explore and analyse two main variables in CP vs. TD infants with a mixed methods approach: the acoustic-phonetic properties of infant babble produced in early vocalisations and the contingency between caregiver input and infant vocalisations. Analyses will include the following stages: -Acoustic phonetic analysis-using PRAAT (Boersma et al. 2019)-of consonant inventories at 13-14 months. -Phonetic transcriptions-using ELAN (2020)-to investigate infant productions. -Transcription of congruent/incongruent caregiver input preceding infant vocalisations, adapted from Laing and Bergelson (2020). -Comparisons of consonant inventories at 13-14 months with speech and language outcomes at 24 and 36 months across CP