What are the physiological costs to seabirds adapting to polar climate change?

动物适应环境的能力对于种群在不断变化的气候中持续存在至关重要。改变行为以适应环境变化可能是适应性的，但可塑性可能代价高昂，特别是在北极等不可预测的环境中。对于长期生存的物种，如海鸟，暴露在广泛的气候条件下，很难估计短期内对生存的影响，因此可以忽略气候变化的负面影响。通过氧化应激水平、端粒缩短和肠道微生物区系的变化，可能在短期内可以检测到生态引起的成本，但研究尚未试图通过量化这些生理特征来估计表型可塑性的成本/收益，也没有将其与气候变化的模型联系起来。目的1.使用极地海鸟，部署生物记录设备来测量觅食行为中的可塑性。2.利用端粒长度、氧化应激水平和微生物组组成等生理特征，确定可塑性的可能成本3。将这些生理指标与觅食可塑性和气候指标联系起来首先，对野生脊椎动物的研究没有将氧化应激、端粒和微生物群联系起来，尽管预测繁殖成本可能会影响它们。其次，尽管行为变化对适应气候变化至关重要，但还没有野外研究将觅食过程中可塑性的成本和收益与生理特征的这种组合联系起来，也没有研究与气候模型联系起来。时间：低成本技术的迅速发展，对生理退化进行量化意味着，研究多种测量方法及其之间的关系变得越来越可能。与生物记录技术相结合，这些数据为研究可塑性的成本提供了及时的机会。生物记录技术允许在一段时间内收集大量觅食数据。动物适应环境的能力对于种群在不断变化的气候中持续存在至关重要。改变行为以适应环境变化可能是适应性的，但可塑性可能代价高昂，特别是在不可预测的环境中，如北极。对于长期生存的物种，如海鸟，暴露在广泛的气候条件下，很难估计短期内对生存的影响，因此可以忽略气候变化的负面影响。通过氧化应激水平、端粒缩短和肠道微生物区系的变化，可能在短期内可以检测到生态诱导的成本，但研究并未试图通过量化这些生理特征来估计表型可塑性的成本/收益，也没有将其与气候变化的模型联系起来。目的：1.使用极地海鸟，部署生物记录设备来测量觅食行为的可塑性。2.利用端粒长度、氧化应激水平和微生物群组成等生理特征，确定可塑性的可能成本3.将这些生理指标与觅食可塑性和气候指标联系起来。值得注意的是，首先，对野生脊椎动物的研究没有将氧化应激、端粒和微生物群联系起来，尽管预测繁殖成本可能会影响它们。其次，尽管行为变化对适应气候变化至关重要，但还没有野外研究将觅食过程中可塑性的成本和好处与这种生理特征的组合联系起来，也没有研究将其与气候模型联系起来。及时性低成本量化生理退化技术的迅速发展意味着，研究多种测量方法及其之间的关系变得越来越有可能。结合生物记录技术，可以在一段时间内收集大量的觅食数据，这些数据提供了一个及时研究

The ability of animals to adapt to their environment is crucial for populations to persist in a changing climate. Changing behaviours to match environmental change can be adaptive but plasticity can be costly, particularly in unpredictable environments, such as the Arctic. For long-lived species, such as seabirds, which are exposed to a broad range of climatic conditions, it is difficult to estimate consequences for survival in the short term, such that negative effects of climate change can be missed. Ecologically induced costs may be detectable in the short-term through oxidative stress levels, shortening of telomeres and changes to the gut microbiota but studies have not attempted to estimate the costs/benefits of phenotypic plasticity by quantifying these physiological traits, nor linked this to models of climate change.Objectives 1. Using polar seabirds, deploy biologging devices to measure plasticity in foraging behaviour. 2. Using physiological traits, such as telomere length, oxidative stress levels and microbiome composition, identify possible costs of plasticity3. Link these physiological measures to foraging plasticity and climate metricsNovelty First, studies in wild vertebrates haven't linked oxidative stress, telomeres and microbiomes, despite predictions that the costs of reproduction may affect them all. Second, despite changes in behaviour being crucial to adapting to climate change, no study in the wild has linked the costs and benefits of plasticity in foraging to such a combination of physiological traits, nor with climate models.TimelinessThe rapid development of low-cost techniques to quantify physiologically deterioration means that studies looking at multiple measures, and the relationship between them, is becoming increasingly possible. In combination with biologging technology, which allows large amounts of foraging data to be collected across time, these data offer a timely opportunity to study the costs of plasticity. The ability of animals to adapt to their environment is crucial for populations to persist in a changing climate. Changing behaviors to match environmental change can be adaptive but plasticity can be costly, particularly in unpredictable environments, such as the Arctic. For long-lived species, such as seabirds, which are exposed to a broad range of climatic conditions, it is difficult to estimate consequences for survival in the short term, such that negative effects of climate change can be missed. Ecologically induced costs may be detectable in the short-term through oxidative stress levels, shortening of telomeres and changes to the gut microbiota but studies have not attempted to estimate the costs/benefits of phenotypic plasticity by quantifying these physiological traits, nor linked this to models of climate change. Objectives:1. Using polar seabirds, deploy biologging devices to measureplasticity in foraging behaviour. 2. Using physiological traits, such as telomere length,oxidative stress levels and microbiome composition, identify possible costs of plasticity 3. Link these physiological measures to foraging plasticity and climate metrics.Novelty First, studies in wild vertebrates haven't linked oxidative stress, telomeres and microbiomes, despite predictions that the costs of reproduction may affect them all. Second, despite changes in behaviour being crucial to adapting to climate change, no study in the wild has linked the costs and benefits of plasticity in foraging to such a combination of physiological traits, nor with climate models. Timeliness The rapid development of low-cost techniques to quantify physiologically deterioration means that studies looking at multiple measures, and the relationship between them, is becoming increasingly possible. In combination with biologging technology, which allows large amounts of foraging data to be collected across time, these data offer a timely opportunity to study the costs of