A Life Worth Living? Nietzsche on Transience and Nihilism

这个项目关注的是时间体验作为转瞬即逝与虚无主义的关系。社会学家哈特穆特·罗莎(Hartmut Rosa)辩称，资本主义制度下生活的加速让我们认为现实越来越短暂：没有什么东西能持续足够长的时间来与之有意义地联系，我们会感到疏远和沮丧。早在150年前，弗里德里希·尼采就得出结论，短暂的经历将西方引向了虚无主义：一种存在主义的立场，生命对此没有目的，也没有意义。由于尼采的诊断是有影响的，我通过对他的思想的现象学解读来探讨瞬变的问题。虽然大多数评论者从价值损失的角度理解虚无主义，但我认为，与时间相关的理解更好，虚无主义可以通过以不同的方式体验短暂来抵制。我试图勾勒和分析尼采提出的一种新的存在主义立场，重点关注当下的不合时宜和矛盾的延伸。我的方法不同于埃斯彭·哈默(Espen Hammer，2011)，他认为尼采未能为瞬时性问题提供解决方案，因为他要求我们否认过去。我的不同之处在于，我认为尼采提出了一种与过去有关的新方式，而不是想要否认过去。约翰·麦考姆(2011)声称，尼采没有为我们提供回应上帝死后激进开放的未来的手段。然而，ER和不合时宜的概念可能会勾勒出一种存在主义的立场，以有意义地限制未来的开放。尼采提供了一种与时间相关的方法，为学习恰当地体验当下的人提供了一种解释学的视角，从而使他们的整个生命(以及时间的流逝)变得有意义。方法本研究将以现象学的方法为基础，寻求与尼采一起理解一个经历时间的人如何虚无地理解自我和世界。以一种虚无主义的方式体验短暂是什么感觉？这种体验的结构是什么(如果有的话)？这样说的查拉图斯特拉(Z)是一本关键的文本，涉及瞬息、痛苦、虚无主义和时间的问题。对《道德谱系》(GM)的注释解读可以进一步揭示我们是如何通过价值观来体验时间和与时间相关的。《同性恋科学》(GS)描述了上帝之死的经历、永恒的重现以及不合时宜的人的生存立场。在适当的地方，我可以进一步借鉴其他著作，如《不合时宜的沉思》(UM)，尼采在其中讨论了我们与历史的关系，以及他在《权力的意志》(WP)中对虚无主义的描述。作为一名以德语为母语的人，我能够阅读尼采的原文，也能够阅读关于他作品的大量德语次要文献。2021-2022年：第一章：短暂和虚无主义的关系。古代和基督教对时间、短暂和永恒的理解。上帝的死亡，时间知觉和虚无主义的变化。尼采的短暂和虚无主义现象学。2022-2023：第二章：ER作为一种新的时间关系。ER与时间的标准理解。认为ER是通过与过去和未来不同的联系来建立持续时间的一种方式。尼采的当下现象学及其与持续时间的矛盾关系。2023-2024：第三章：一个人是如何变得不合时宜的？考察不合时宜与历史之间的关系-不合时宜作为历史的不连续。不合时宜作为一种通过建立结尾、过渡和分段来构建时间的方式。在合适的时间生与死的及时性。

This project focuses on the relation between the experience of time as transience and nihilism. The sociologist Hartmut Rosa argues that the acceleration of life under capitalism leads us to perceive reality as increasingly transient: nothing lasts long enough to meaningfully connect with, we feel alienated and depressed. Already 150 years ago, Friedrich Nietzsche had concluded that the experience of transience led the West to nihilism: an existential stance for which life has no purpose and is meaningless. As Nietzsche's diagnosis is influential, I approach the issue of transience through a phenomenological reading of his thought. While most commentators understand nihilism in terms of a loss of value, I argue that it is better understood in relation to time and that nihilism can be resisted by experiencing transience differently. I seek to outline and analyse a new existential stance proposed by Nietzsche,focusing on the untimeliness and the paradoxical extension of the moment.My approach differs from Espen Hammer (2011) who argues that Nietzsche fails to provide a solution to the issue of transience because he asks us to deny the past. I differ by arguing that Nietzsche proposes anew way of relating to the past rather than wanting its denial. John McCumber's claims (2011) that Nietzsche falls short of providing us with means to respond to the radical openness of the future after God's death. Yet, the ER and the notion of the untimely may outline an existential stance for constraining meaningfully the openness of the future. This project would then contribute a new perspective on how past, future and present could be bound together into a meaningful totality that is the moment.Nietzsche offers a way of relating to time which affords a person who learns to experience the moment appropriately a hermeneutic perspective from which their life as a whole (and the passing of time) can be made meaningful.MethodThis research will be informed by a phenomenological approach, seeking with Nietzsche to understand how a person who experiences time nihilistically understands self and world. What does it feel like to experience transience in a nihilistic way? What are the structures of such experience (if any)? Thus Spoke Zarathustra (Z) is a key text, dealing with issues of transience, suffering, nihilism and time. An exegetical reading of Genealogy of Morals (GM) could reveal further insights into how we experience and relate to time through values. And The Gay Science (GS) offers descriptions of the experience of the death of God,the eternal recurrence and the existential stance of the 'untimely'. Where appropriate I may further draw on other writings such as Untimely Meditations (UM) where Nietzsche discusses our relation to history and his description of nihilism in The Will to Power (WP). Being a German native speaker, I am able to read Nietzsche in the original text and to also access the extensive German secondary literature on his work.ScheduleOct. 2021 - 2022:Chapter I: The relation between transience and nihilism.Ancient and Christian understandings of time, transience and eternity.The death of God, changes in temporal perception and nihilism.Nietzsche's phenomenology of transience and nihilism.Oct. 2022 - 2023:Chapter 2: The ER as a new relation to time.The ER in relation to standard understandings of time.Thinking ER as a way of establishing duration by relating differently to past and future.Nietzsche's phenomenology of the moment and its paradoxical relation to duration.Oct. 2023 - 2024:Chapter 3: How does one become untimely?Examining the relation between untimeliness and history - untimeliness as the discontinuity of history.Untimeliness as a way of structuring time by establishing endings, transitions, and section.The timeliness of living and dying at the right time.