UNDOCUMENTED: BUREAUCRATIC ENCOUNTERS AND MIGRANT LABOUR IN SOUTHERN ITALY

本研究项目将调查意大利南部卡拉布里亚地区无证农业移民劳工的动态，以及这些移民劳工的地位--就其生活和工作条件而言，以及在全球农业供应链中--如何因缺乏证件而得以维持。移民学者在意大利和其他地方强调了该国的官僚移民制度，通过不一致和不可理解的，服务于生产一个不稳定的劳动力，这是最好的看作是一个功能的治国之道，而不是发生在国家的“外面”。在这些理论的基础上，本项目将探索这些制度在实践中谈判的方式，以及这些谈判和策略告诉我们关于代理和官僚机构的更广泛的人类学比喻。关注劳工做法、临时营地、政策（官方和非官方的，地方和国家），和“官僚主义者”，这个项目将解开商品和劳动力的生产，以及两者的运动是如何通过缺乏或存在文书工作来维持的。研究问题：农业对意大利的经济表现至关重要; 2018年，农产品占意大利国内生产总值的1.9%，该部门的就业人数增长了4.2%，同年该部门的总投资增长了4.1%（价值）。2010年，意大利43%的土地用于农业，这是欧盟27国中第二大面积;同年，意大利农业劳动力占经济活跃人口的14%。在卡拉布里亚，也就是本研究所处的地区，2010年农业劳动力占正规劳动力的8.3%。在这种背景下，很难夸大外国农业劳动力的重要性。例如，据意大利农民联盟估计，农业部门的外国劳动力比例为36%。这些移民中的许多人将以永久和季节性工作许可证的名义在意大利就业。然而，经常发生的情况是，当这些签证到期时（“永久”签证需要每两年更新一次），大量移徙工人选择非法留在该国，而不是返回原籍国。这一过程意味着许多留下来的人最终会在许多农业贫民窟中的一个，成熟的剥削。因此，全球奴隶制指数计算出，2018年意大利有5万名农业工人被奴役。毫不奇怪，通过薄弱的监管和模糊不清的分销网络，这些奴隶劳动的成果进入了合法的供应链。

This research project will investigate the dynamics of undocumented migrant agricultural labour inthe region of Calabria, Southern Italy, and how the position of these migrant workers - in terms oftheir living and working conditions, and within global agricultural supply chains - is sustained bytheir lack of documentation. Scholars of migration in Italy and elsewhere have highlighted how thecountry's bureaucratic immigration regime, through inconsistency and incomprehensibility, servesto produce a precarious workforce which is best viewed as a function of statecraft, rather thanoccurring 'outside' of the state. Building on such theories, this project will explore the ways in whichthese regimes are negotiated in practice, and what such negotiations and tactics tell us aboutbroader anthropological tropes of agency and bureaucracy. Focusing on labour practices, temporarycamps, policies (official and unofficial, local and national), and 'bureaucratic encounters', this project will unpack the production of commodities and workforces, and how the movements ofboth are sustained by the lack, or presence, of paperwork.Research Problem:Agriculture is crucial to the economic performance of Italy; agricultural products made up 1.9% ofItaly's total GDP in 2018, with employment in the sector increasing by 4.2% and gross investment inthe sector growing by 4.1% (value) in the same year. In 2010, 43% of Italy's land area was devoted toagriculture which was the second greatest area in the (then) EU27; in the same year, the Italianagricultural labour force accounted for 14% of the economically active population. In Calabria, theregion in which this research will be based, 8.3% of the regular workforce was represented byagricultural labour in 2010.Within this context it is hard to overstate the importance of foreign agricultural labourers. Forexample, one estimate by the Italian Union of Farmers puts the proportion of foreign labourers inthe agricultural sector at 36%. Many of these migrants will be employed in Italy under the guise ofpermanent and seasonal work permits. However, it is a common occurrence that when these expire(the 'permanent' ones need to be renewed every two years), a significant number of migrantworkers opt to stay in the country illegally rather than return to their country of origin. This processmeans that many of those who remain end up in one of many agricultural slums, ripe forexploitation. As such, the Global Slavery Index calculated that there were 50,000 agriculturalworkers enslaved in Italy in 2018. It should come as no surprise that through weak regulation andobscure, nebulous networks of distribution, thefruits of this slave labour find their way intolegitimate supply chains.