Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Nanobubbles in Liquid Fuels

多年来，生产具有更好热物理性能的流体一直是研究人员面临的挑战。有几个关于纳米颗粒(NPs)增强纳米流体(NFS)的报道，没有考虑到NPs在合适的液体载体中分散的挑战。具有更好性能，特别是更高导热系数的纳米材料的出现，使研究人员能够开发出具有更好热物理性能的纳米材料。石墨烯(G)是碳纳米材料中的一个重要成员，它是由碳原子以二维六方网络排列而成，其中每个原子与其他三个碳原子具有强的共价键，平均键长为1.42。在不同的纳米颗粒中，导热系数最高的纳米颗粒G可以被认为是与常规换热流体相结合以获得具有更高热物理性能的纳米颗粒的首选候选材料之一。G的超高导热系数和其他独特的性质源于杂化轨道，这使得G被认为是生产工程流体的主要选择

Producing fluids with improved thermophysical properties has been a challenge for researchers for many years. There are several reports on nanoparticles (NPs) reinforced nanofluids (NFs) disregarding challenges concerning dispersion of NPs in a suitable liquid carrier. The advent of nanomaterials with improved properties, particularly higher thermal conductivity, enables researchers to develop NFs with improved thermophysical properties. Graphene (G), an important member of the carbon nanomaterials, is made of C-atoms arranged in a two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal network, where each atom having a strong covalent bond with other three C-atoms of an average 1.42 bond length. Having the highest thermal conductivity among different NPs, G could be considered as one of the prime candidates to be combined with conventional heat-transfer fluids to obtain NFs with higher thermophysical properties. The extraordinary thermal conductivity of G and its other unique properties originate from hybrid orbitals, which leads G to be considered as the main option for producing engineered fluids