Alcohol Effects on Smoking Urge and Behavior

描述(由申请人提供)：我国每年同时饮酒和吸烟会导致许多短期和长期的健康后果(心血管、肺部和癌症)和过早死亡。尽管在过去的几十年里，普通人群的吸烟率大幅下降，但在重度饮酒者中，吸烟率仍然很高。虽然戒烟治疗的患者被建议减少或戒酒，但在没有实际吸烟或直接吸烟线索的情况下，人们对酒精对吸烟冲动的强烈影响的性质知之甚少，这两者都可能对吸烟冲动产生影响。此外，先前的研究表明，与女性相比，男性吸烟的原因可能是内部感觉因素比外部感觉因素更多；然而，这种差异是否也可能延伸到与酒精相关的吸烟行为尚不清楚。这两项研究的总体目标是系统地调查急性酒精和安慰剂消费对男性和女性习惯性饮酒者-吸烟者吸烟相关行为的主观和生理影响。第一项研究将比较酒精和安慰剂对香烟渴望的剂量和时间进程的影响，以及香烟的主观强化价值(在没有同时吸烟的情况下)。第二项研究将通过检测在酒精和安慰剂饮料条件下尼古丁香烟和去尼古丁香烟的选择消费，来区分酒精对吸烟冲动和行为的影响是与尼古丁还是非尼古丁因素有关。这两项研究都将考察潜在的个体差异因素，如男性性别和酗酒水平，这些因素可能会调节治疗(酒精或安慰剂)和结果(吸烟冲动和行为)之间的关系。了解酒精和尼古丁相互作用的潜在独特生物行为机制，可能有助于制定早期预防和治疗计划，以减少同时大量使用这两种物质。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Concurrent habitual use of alcohol and tobacco lead to numerous short- and long-term health consequences (cardiovascular, pulmonary, and cancer) and premature deaths in our country each year. While smoking rates in the general population have decreased substantially over the last several decades, they remain high among heavy alcohol drinkers. While clients in smoking cessation treatment are advised to reduce or quit drinking, little is known about the nature of alcohol's acute effects on smoking urges in the absence of actual smoking or direct smoking cues, both of which may exert effects on smoking urge. Further, prior studies have suggested that men may smoke more for interoceptive than exteroceptive factors compared to women; however, it is not known whether this difference may also extend to alcohol-related cigarette smoking behaviors. The overall objective of the proposed 2 studies is to systematically investigate the subjective and physiological effects of acute alcohol vs. placebo consumption on smoking-related behaviors in male and female habitual drinker-smokers. The first study will examine dose and time course effects of alcohol compared to placebo on cigarette craving and the subjective reinforcing value of cigarettes (in the absence of concurrent smoking). The second study will differentiate whether alcohol-induced effects on smoking urge and behavior are related to nicotine or non-nicotine factors by examining choice consumption of nicotinized vs. denicotinized cigarettes during alcohol and placebo beverage conditions. Both studies will examine potential individual difference factors, such as male sex and heavy drinking levels, which may mediate the relationship between treatment (alcohol or placebo) and outcome (smoking urges and behavior). Understanding the potential unique biobehavioral mechanisms underlying alcohol and nicotine interactions for chronic habitual users of both substances may help to tailor early prevention and treatment programs to reduce concurrent heavy use of both substances.