Utilising International Human Rights Law to Promote Civil Liberties in the US: A Case Study on the UN UPR and the ACLU's campaign for smart justice

自1920年以来，美国公民自由联盟(ACLU)，一个公民社会组织(CSO)，一直是美国公民自由的捍卫者(Zackin，2006)。他们“备受尊敬的”之友案情摘要和美国最高法院的诉讼(林奇，2004年)帮助在刑事诉讼中建立了各种宪法保护，包括逮捕时的权利(米兰达诉亚利桑那州，1966)和陪审团一致(拉莫斯诉路易斯安那州，2020)。2010年，他们发起了“精明正义运动”(CSJ)，分发州特有的“蓝图”，寻求通过六个领域的法律改革将美国被监禁人口减半：大规模监禁、起诉、保释、假释、量刑和重新进入。(盖恩斯伯勒，2004年)(例如，《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》)。我的研究发现，美国公民自由联盟对待国际人权法的方法有三个“时代”：不感兴趣(1920-1939年)、镜像(1940-2003年)和支持(2004年至今)。自2004年以来，美国公民自由联盟一直参与审查联合国会员国条约承诺的普遍定期审议(布朗斯坦，2004年)(第60/251号决议)。到目前为止，美国已经进行了三次审查(2010年、2015年、2020年)，在这三次审查中，美国公民自由联盟提交了含蓄地倡导CSJ思想的报告。Storey(2021)认为，普遍定期审议可以将《国际人权公约》转化为美国的法律改革。然而，对于如何利用《国际卫生条例》来进一步保护美国的公民自由，还没有系统的、定性的审查。我的项目将使用CSJ研究问题来填补这一空白1.ACLU是什么，它如何影响美国基于刑事司法的权利？2.ACLU在多大程度上参与了包括普遍定期审议在内的《国际卫生条例》？3.ACLU在提交给美国普遍定期审议的文件中如何(含蓄和明确地)提到CSJ？4.ACLU如何利用《国际卫生条例》和《普遍定期审议》来加强其CSJ蓝图？方法1.对ACLU与刑事司法有关的活动进行原则法律调查，将调查结果与国际人权和普遍定期审议相对应，同时评估美国例外主义的影响。2.采用斯托里(2021)的方法来整理普遍定期审议数据，方法是确定并按主题分析美国普遍定期审议文件中对CSJ问题的隐含和明确引用，评估影响，并得出结论。3.使用数据为每个CSJ问题生成六个“蓝图”，将它们与《国际卫生条例》分层，为ACLU提供一个框架，将其用作加强CSJ的工具。影响-有助于ACLU的学术研究以及IHR与美国例外主义之间的关系。-生成蓝图，分发给美国ACLU办公室，为国家和地方CSJ倡议提供信息；-推进由斯托里开发的方法；在刑事司法的不同方面复制它。结构-简介-美国公民自由联盟及其对美国刑事司法的影响-美国公民自由联盟和《国际卫生条例》(与美国例外主义交织在一起)-美国普遍定期审议记录分析-调查结果-蓝图模型(S)-结论时间线1：-将有助于基本犯罪学说的案例映射到国际人权组织。-定义美国公民自由联盟与国际卫生条例有关的时代。第2年：-收集和分析美国普遍定期审议数据，-建立论文结构。第3年：-写出蓝图，-完成论文。

Since 1920, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), a Civil Society Organisation (CSO), has been the United States' (US) defender of civil liberties, (Zackin, 2006). Their "highly esteemed" Amicus briefs and US Supreme Court litigation (Lynch, 2004) helped establish various constitutional protections in criminal procedure, including rights upon arrest, (Miranda v. Arizona 1966) and jury unanimity (Ramos v. Louisiana 2020).In 2010, they launched their 'Campaign for Smart Justice' (CSJ), distributing state-specific 'blueprints' seeking to halve the US incarcerated population through statutory reforms across six areas: mass incarceration, prosecution, bail, parole, sentencing and re-entry. Blueprints can be mapped against international human rights law (IHR) the US is legally bound to implement yet does not, (Gainsborough, 2004) (e.g., International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights).My research has identified three 'eras' in the ACLU's approach towards IHR: disinterest (1920-1939), mirroring, (1940-2003) and supportive (2004-present). Since 2004, the ACLU has engaged with the Universal Periodic Review (UPR), (Bronstein, 2004), which reviews UN member states' treaty commitments, (Res.60/251). To date, the US has had three reviews (2010, 2015, 2020) within which the ACLU submitted reports implicitly advocating CSJ ideas.Applying IHR further legitimises the US criminal justice system, (Rehman, 2002). Storey (2021) contends that the UPR can translate IHR into US legal reform. Yet, there is no systematic, qualitative review of how to utilize IHR to further protect US civil liberties. My project will fill this gap using the CSJ.Research Questions1.What is the ACLU, and how has it impacted criminal-justice-based-rights in the US?2.To what extent does the ACLU engage with IHR, including the UPR?3.How has the ACLU referenced (implicitly and explicitly) the CSJ in its submissions to the US UPRs?4.How can the ACLU use IHR and the UPR to strengthen its CSJ blueprints?Method1.Doctrinal legal inquiry into the ACLU's activities pertaining to criminal justice, mapping findings to IHR and CSJ, whilst assessing the impact of American Exceptionalism.2.Employ Storey's (2021) method to collate UPR data by identifying and thematically analysing implicit and explicit references to CSJ issues in the US' UPR documents, assessing impacts, and forming conclusions.3.Use the data to generate six 'blueprints' for each CSJ issue, layering them with IHR, providing a framework for the ACLU to use the UPR as a vehicle to strengthen the CSJ.Impacts- Contribute to scholarship on the ACLU and the relationship between IHR and American Exceptionalism.- Generate blueprints to be disseminated to US ACLU offices to inform national and local CSJ initiatives.- Advance the methodology developed by Storey; replicating it across a different aspect of criminal justice. Structure- Introduction- The ACLU and its Influence on US criminal justice- The ACLU and IHR (interwoven with American Exceptionalism)- US UPR Record Analysis- Findings- Blueprint Model(s)- ConclusionsTimelineYear 1:- Map cases that contributed to essential criminal doctrines to IHR.- Define the ACLU's 'eras' pertaining to IHR.Year 2:- Collect and analyse US' UPR data,- Establish thesis structure.Year 3:- Write up the blueprints,- Complete thesis.