Making Chocolate in the British Atlantic World: Foodways, Consumption and Heritage

这个博士研究生项目将探索16世纪末到18世纪之间的早期现代巧克力：这种饮料的成分是在哪里种植和收获的;它们是如何来源和进口的，谁购买了它们，价格是多少。它将探讨有关巧克力的想法，包括它在第一民族（土著或土著美国人）文化中的起源和非洲血统的奴隶妇女和男子的种植，如何影响种族，国籍和黑人英国历史的概念。尽管巧克力在这一时期流行和受欢迎，但令人惊讶的是，很少有人追踪它的消费模式或想象方式，无论是在智力上还是在习俗上。巧克力是一种用辣椒、肉豆蔻、肉桂、香草和糖调味的热饮，其原料来自地球仪，英国公众将这种饮料与异国情调和帝国的“他者”联系在一起，在那个时期的“消费革命”中发挥了关键作用。为了更好地了解巧克力在英国的存在和遗产的全部细微差别，这个项目的学生将进行一个关于早期现代巧克力的“悠久历史”的项目，在多个档案馆工作，并利用许多不同类型的历史证据。这将包括对建造在汉普顿皇宫、基尤宫和戴勒姆公园的巧克力厨房的调查，这些厨房证明了巧克力饮料在这一时期的重要性，并提供了有关其消费和文化流通的重要信息。Dyrham丰富的收藏，其中包括一个显着的可可树画从十七世纪后期，将帮助这个学生更好地了解巧克力的接收和营销的时期。

This PhD studentship will explore early modern chocolate between the late sixteenth and eighteenthcenturies: where the ingredients for this drink were grown and harvested; how they were sourcedand imported, who purchased them and at what price. It will explore how ideas about chocolate,including its origins in First Nations (Native or Indigenous American) culture and its cultivation byenslaved women and men of African descent, influenced conceptions of race, nationality, and BlackBritish history.Despite the prevalence and popularity of chocolate in the period, surprisingly little has been done totrace either its patterns of consumption or the ways it was imagined, intellectually andiconographically. Ingredients for chocolate - which was consumed as a hot beverage flavoured withchilli, nutmeg, cinnamon, vanilla and sugar - were sourced from around the globe, and the Britishpublic associated the drinks with exoticism and the 'otherness' of the empire, playing a key role inthe 'consumer revolution' of the period.To better understand the full nuance of chocolate's presence and legacy in Britain, the studentworking on this project will undertake a project on the 'long history' of early modern chocolate,working in multiple archives and utilising many different types of historical evidence. This willinclude an investigation of the chocolate kitchens built at Hampton Court Palace, Kew Palace (HRP)and Dyrham Park (NT) which attest to the drink's importance in the period, and provide importantinformation about its consumption and cultural circulation. Dyrham's rich collections, which includea notable painting of a cacao tree dating from the late seventeenth century, will help this studentbetter understand the reception and marketing of chocolate in the period.