The impact of parental and local socio-economic shocks in childhood on young adults' expectations and perceived social norms

家庭的社会经济地位、父母的受教育程度和当地的经济条件对儿童的发展起着至关重要的作用，是儿童未来教育和生活选择的形成因素。一些研究已经确定了家庭的社会经济背景对儿童教育和其他重要生活结果的影响（Almond et al., 2018）。这个项目旨在提供一个更广阔的视角来看待童年环境的影响，并关注它们在偏好、未来信念（主观期望）、个性和亲社会行为形成中的作用。所有这些都被证明对生活选择有显著影响。该项目的第一部分调查了童年时期经历的家庭冲击（如父母失业）是否会对年轻人的个性和未来信念产生长期影响。第二部分探讨了当地公共资金对青年服务的影响，如青年俱乐部和体育设施——由于英国紧缩政策或国家彩票利润分配给当地体育俱乐部、社会和文化场所——对个性、社会情感发展和未来信仰的影响。这些与公共政策有关，作为英国“升级”战略和减少青少年犯罪的组成部分，但也可能产生长期影响。第一个和第二个项目是基于千禧年队列研究（Millennium Cohort Study），这是一项对千禧年之交出生在英国的约1.9万名儿童的纵向调查。这些儿童及其家庭自出生以来就接受了调查，这为精确衡量生活事件提供了机会，包括可能特定于家庭的冲击（例如父母失业）或市政当局的冲击（例如地方政府资金冲击）。调查的重点是受访者对在30岁时接受高等教育、就业和收入的主观期望，这些期望是在17岁时得出的，就在义务教育结束之前，由我设想的导师Chevalier教授和Luhrmann教授等人开发的MSC模块中得出的。此外，该项目还将利用17岁时的个性测量，以及整个童年时期引发的社会情感发展。

Families' socio-economic status, parental education and local economic conditions play a critical role in child development and are formative factors for their future education and life choices. Several studies have established the impact of families' socio-economic background on children' education and other important life outcomes (Almond et al., 2018). This project aims to offer a broader perspective on the effect of childhood circumstances and focus on their role in the formation of preferences, future beliefs (subjective expectations), personality and prosocial behaviour. All of these have been shown to significantly affect life choices.The first part of the project investigates whether family shocks - i.e. parental unemployment - experienced during childhood unfold long-run impacts on the personality and future beliefs of young adults. The second part explores the influence of changes in local public funding for youth services such as youth clubs and sports facilities - experienced as a result of the UK austerity policy or from the allocation of National lottery profits to local sports clubs, social and cultural venues - on personality, socio-emotional development and future beliefs. These are linked to public policies discussed as components of the UK's `levelling up' strategy and to reduce youth crime but could also have long-run effects.The first and second projects are based on the Millennium Cohort Study, a longitudinal panel of about 19,000 children born in the UK at the turn of the Millennium. These children, and their families, have been surveyed since birth, which offers the opportunity to precisely measure life events, including shocks that might be specific to the family (e.g. parental unemployment) or to the municipality (e.g. local government funding shocks). The focus will be on respondents' subjective expectations about attending higher education, employment and earnings at age 30 which were elicited at age 17, just before the end of compulsory schooling, in a module of MSC developed by - among others - my envisaged supervisors Profs Chevalier and Luhrmann. In addition, the project will exploit measures of personality at age 17, and socio-emotional development which has been elicited throughout childhood.