Weak Prefrontal DC Stimulation and Tobacco Craving

描述(由申请人提供)： 渴望是维持和复吸烟草的一个重要方面。本研究的主要目的是测试非常弱的经颅直流电刺激(Tdcs)(Nitsche&Paulus，2000)抑制烟草欲的可行性，并为其提供证据。我们建议使用两种互补的、尖端的神经技术来(1)使用TDC(2 mA，20分钟)非侵入性地操纵与渴求相关的前额叶脑活动，以及(2)光学(近红外光谱，NIR)测量右(R)和左(L)前脑区的局部皮质血流动力学，神经成像研究发现，在烟草诱导的渴求过程中，该区域被激活。没有寻求治疗的长期吸烟者成年男性和女性将参与其中。预先研究的mNIRS记录课程将使他们适应实验室，并评估NIRS在这一应用中的可靠性和有效性。然后，他们将被分配(根据吸烟史和遗传成瘾易感标记DRD2和多巴胺转运体SLC6A3)分为五组(每组20人)，接受额叶前部TDC：正极R组；正极L组；正极L组；正极L组-不吸烟；假正极TDC组(无电流)。受试者将已经戒除尼古丁(通过呼吸一氧化碳证实)，除了L阳极tdcs非剥夺组。烟草渴求问卷(Singleton等人，2003年，修订自Tiffany&Drobs，1991年)将定期进行，并将在两次会议(相隔一周)中连续记录四个大脑部位(R和L背外侧以及R和L眼眶前额叶皮质)的近红外光谱和心理生理指标。在研究当天，所有参与者(N=100)都将有一个休息基线，然后是修改后的认知烟草意象脚本(Maude-Griffin&Tiffany，1996)。然后，在真实或虚假的tdcs之后，所有参与者都将接触到吸烟线索的虚拟现实模拟。最后，他们会抽一支安慰剂香烟(10毫克焦油，0.05毫克尼古丁)。方向性先验假设将使用多变量方差分析(重复测量)和t检验，以及NIR R和L脑激活指标与尼古丁渴求之间的等级顺序相关性进行检验。这项拟议的研究需要指导未来对tdcs神经技术的研究，以补充传统的戒烟治疗，特别是帮助防止复发。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Craving is an important aspect of both the maintenance and relapse to tobacco smoking. The primary purpose of the proposed study is to test the feasibility of and provide evidence for the application of very weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (Nitsche & Paulus, 2000) to suppress tobacco craving. We propose using two complementary, cutting-edge neuro-technologies to (1) noninvasively manipulate prefrontal brain activity associated with craving using tDCS (2 mA for 20 min), and (2) measure optically (near-infrared spectroscopy, NIRS) regional cortical hemodynamics in right (R) and left (L) anterior brain regions, which neuroimaging studies have found to be activated during tobacco cue-elicited craving. Adult men and women who are chronic cigarette smokers not seeking treatment will participate. A pre-study mNIRS recording session will acclimate them to the laboratory and assess the reliability and validity of NIRS in this application. They will then be assigned (equated on smoking history and on the genetic addiction susceptibility markers DRD2 and dopamine transporter SLC6A3) into five groups (N=20 each) that receive prefrontal tDCS: anodal R; anodal L; cathodal L; anodal L-not smoking deprived; and sham tDCS (no current). The participants will have been abstinent from nicotine (verified by breath carbon monoxide) except for the L anodal tDCS-not-deprived group. The Tobacco Craving Questionnaire (Singleton et al., 2003, modified from Tiffany & Drobes, 1991) will be administered periodically, and NIRS at four brain sites (R and L dorsolateral and R and L orbitofrontal prefrontal cortices) and psychophysiological measures will be recorded continuously in both sessions (1 week apart). On the study day, all participants (N=100) will have a resting baseline followed by modified cognitive tobacco imagery scripts (Maude-Griffin & Tiffany, 1996). Then, after real or sham tDCS, all participants will be exposed to a virtual-reality simulation of smoking cues. At the end, they will smoke a placebo cigarette (10 mg tar, 0.05 mg nicotine). Directional a priori hypotheses will be tested using multivariate analysis of variance (for repeated measures) and t-tests, as well as rank-order correlations between NIRS R and L brain activation measures and nicotine craving. The proposed study is needed to guide future research on tDCS neurotechnology to supplement conventional smoking cessation treatments and, particularly, to help prevent relapse.