Greek-Italic Relations and Indigenous Identity in the Archaeological Record and Numismatic Imagery of Sicily and Magna Graecia

通过对考古证据的分析，特别是对硬币的分析，这个项目考察了土著文化与公元前5-3世纪南意大利和西西里土著群体生产的硬币上的希腊意象之间的联系。土著硬币最吸引人的特征之一是实现了最初出现在希腊城邦发行的硬币上的意象。这些类型学上的相似之处尤其不寻常，因为钱币肖像被广泛认为传达了当地公民身份和政治自治。这就提出了一个问题，即土著群体为什么会抄袭希腊的形象。为了解决这一问题和更广泛的土著身份和希腊-土著关系问题，该项目提供了一项结合考古学和钱币学的跨学科研究。主要的研究问题是：1.土著遗址的材料记录是否表明发行背景和产生的硬币形象之间存在关系？2.在非货币背景下，土著对希腊语衍生意象的使用与希腊人的影响之间是否存在关系？3.希腊衍生类型如何表达土著身份和/或政治自治？虽然研究认识到希腊硬币和土著硬币之间的相似性表明了各自中心之间的联系(Rutter 1979；Malkin 1987)，但这种联系通常被视为象征着土著聚居地对希腊城市的“希腊倾向”或“影响范围”(Loma 1995；像《历史数字-意大利》(Rutter 2001)这样的硬币目录证实，意大利南部和西西里的不同土著群体使用了源自希腊的意象，并从多个希腊城市获得了这些意象。这突显出，采用希腊肖像法的本土做法很普遍。因此，这种做法不能通过分析一个单独的“部落”和/或一个有限的时期来解释。因此，该项目将进行一项地区性研究，考察延长的时间范围，并借鉴最近的考古研究。考古研究为土著采用希腊物品和习俗提供了宝贵的见解。研究表明，希腊人用来祭拜土著神灵的仪式和希腊制造的物品受到了土著精英阶层的青睐(Fracchia和Gualtieri，1989；Morgan，2009)。目前对希腊图像原住民使用的解释忽略了这种洞察力，强调了将材料记录和货币数据结合在一起进行研究的必要性。为了获得区域横截面，本文的每一章都将讨论一个地区(例如坎帕尼亚)，调查居民、货币和更广泛的考古学研究(例如，HorsnæS 2002)。每一章还将至少介绍一个详细的案例研究，选择的基础是遗址已被挖掘，其硬币显示出希腊的影响。例子包括Arpi(Apulia)、Petelia(Bruttium)和Segesta的Elymian定居点。案例研究也将在像Paestum这样的城市进行，Paestum是一座希腊城市，在当地居民的控制下发行硬币。为了纳入产生的硬币有限和/或没有经过详细挖掘的遗址(如巴利提乌姆)，该项目将对实施希腊语图像的土著中心发布的全部正面和反面图像进行调查。这项调查将确定领土、希腊土著和土著之间的趋势，同时探索土著肖像代表一种未被识别的货币意象类别的可能性。通过结合考古学和钱币学，该项目将有助于更好地了解希腊意象的土著使用背景。通过这样做，它将弥补在理解希腊-土著文化网络、社会关系和IND方面缺失的一部分

Through an analysis of the archaeological evidence with a particular focus on the coinage, this project examines the connection between indigenous culture and the Greek-derived imagery on coins produced in the fifth - third centuries BCE by the South Italian and Sicilian indigenous groups.One of the most fascinating features of indigenous coinage is the implementation of imagery which first featured on coins issued by Greek poleis. These typological similarities are especially unusual as numismatic iconography is broadly regarded as conveying local civic identity and political autonomy. This raises questions as to why the indigenous groups copied Greek imagery. To address this and broader questions of indigenous identity and Greek-indigenous relations, this project offers an interdisciplinary study combining archaeology and numismatics. The primary research questions are:1. Does the material record at indigenous sites indicate a relationship between the issuing context and coin image produced?2. Is there a relationship between the indigenous use of Greek-derived imagery and Greek influence in non-numismatic contexts? 3. How do the Greek-derived types express indigenous identity and/or political autonomy?While studies recognise that the similarities between Greek and indigenous coins indicate a connection between the respective centres (Rutter 1979; Malkin 1987), this connection is often viewed as signifying the indigenous settlement's "Greek leanings" or "sphere of influence" of the Greek city from which the imagery was derived (Lomas 1995; Small and Small 2022).Coin catalogues like Historia Numorum - Italy (Rutter 2001), confirm that different indigenous groups across South Italy and Sicily employed Greek-derived imagery and sourced this imagery from multiple Greek cities. This underscores that the indigenous practice of adopting Greek iconography was pervasive. Therefore the practice cannot be explained by analysis of a singular "tribe" and/or a limited period. Thus, this project will undertake a regional study, examining an extended timeframe and drawing upon recent archaeological studies.Archaeological research offers invaluable insights into the indigenous adoption of Greek items and practices. Studies show that Greek ritual practices were adopted for worshiping indigenous deities and Greek manufactured objects were favoured by the indigenous elite in the context of aggrandisement (Fracchia and Gualtieri 1989; Morgan 2009). Current explanations for the indigenous use of Greek-derived imagery overlook such insights, accentuating the need for a study that incorporates the material record and the numismatic data.To obtain a regional cross-section, each chapter of this dissertation will address a territory (e.g., Campania) surveying the inhabitants, coinage, and broader archaeological studies (e.g., Horsnæs 2002). Each chapter will also feature at least one detailed case study, selected on the basis that the site has been excavated and its coinage shows Greek influence. Examples include Arpi (Apulia), Petelia (Bruttium), and the Elymian settlement at Segesta. Case studies will also be undertaken on cities like Paestum, a Greek city that issued coinage under indigenous control. To incorporate sites that produced limited coinage and/or have not been subject to detailed excavation (like Baletium), this project will survey the entirety of obverse and reverse imagery issued by the indigenous centres where Greek derived imagery was implemented. This survey will identify territorial, Greek-indigenous, and inter-indigenous trends while exploring the likely possibility that indigenous iconography represents an unrecognised category of numismatic imagery.By uniting archaeology and numismatics, this project will contribute to a better contextualisation of the indigenous use of Greek imagery. In doing so, it will provide the missing piece in understanding Greek-indigenous cultural networks, social relations, and ind