From threat and burden to opportunity: A Paradigm Shift in Institutional Responses to the Urban Economics of Protracted Displacement in Cities

这项研究将探讨在有难民营政策的国家将难民纳入城市发展计划的理由和可能的途径。它将通过对内罗毕的个案研究，重点关注非洲境内的难民。城市规划者经常在国家和城市优先事项的相互竞争的需求之间进行导航，这有时会导致城市采取与国家政策框架不同的方法。在全球北方和南方，城市规模的难民和寻求庇护者的反应往往是这种利益冲突的一个尖锐例子。虽然民族国家声称难民政策是主权问题，但城市可能会寻求创造一个包容性的城市社会。通过加深我们对城市在这一敏感领域如何偏离国家政策框架的理解，该项目还将阐明这些不同规模的政策如何在城市和国家优先事项可能发生冲突的其他领域（如环境、卫生、教育）相互作用。全球绝大多数被迫流离失所者生活在发展中国家。特别是非洲，自1960年代以来发生了多次大规模的难民流动。大批难民的到来给社区、地方和国家政府带来了巨大的挑战。作为回应，许多非洲国家采取了营地政策，要求难民住在提供住所和满足基本需求的营地（通常得到联合国难民署的支持），并禁止他们住在其他地方。然而，很大一部分难民选择在更广泛的社区中定居，通常是在城市（Bakewell, 2014）。

This research will explore the rationale for, and possible routes towards, the inclusion of refugees in city development plans in countries with encampment policies. It will focus on refugees in African contexts, through a case study of Nairobi. Urban planners routinely navigate between competing demands of national and city priorities, which at times sees cities adopt approaches that diverge from national policy frameworks. In both the global north and south, city-scale responses to refugees and asylum seekers often provide an acute example of this clash of interests. While the national state claims refugee policy as a question of sovereignty, the city may seek to create an inclusive urban society. By improving our understanding of how cities diverge from national policy frameworks in this sensitive area, this project will also shed light on how these different scales of policy interact in other areas where city and national priorities may clash, such as environment, health, education. The vast majority of forcibly displaced people globally are living in developing countries. In particular, Africa has witnessed multiple large-scale refugee movements since the 1960s. The mass arrival of refugees creates huge challenges for communities and local and national governments. In response, many African states have adopted encampment policies that requirerefugees to live in camps that provide shelter and meet basic needs (usually with support from UNHCR), and prohibit them living elsewhere. Nevertheless, a large proportion of refugees choose to settle among the wider community, often in cities (Bakewell, 2014).