The Impact of Climate Change on Climate Migrants in Large Cities: A Case Study of Karachi, Pakistan

与气候有关的移民、城市化和社会政策之间的关系是21世纪最复杂和最紧迫的全球问题之一，特别是在全球南方(IDMC，2021)。气候迁移通常与缓慢发生的(例如干旱和海平面上升)和快速发生的灾害(例如洪水)有关的人类流动性有关，特别是在全球南方国家，估计到2050年将增加到约2.16亿人(Clement等人，2021年)。气候移民通常是为了安全和更好的生活而在大城市定居的国内移民。然而，它反过来导致或加剧了各种形式的城市非正规性和不安全(Sandoval，2019年)，在大城市，它们进一步加剧了气候变化的影响(Mearns&Nortonm，2009)。巴基斯坦的大城市受到气候移民的影响；事实上，巴基斯坦是受气候变化影响最大的10个国家之一(埃克斯坦等人，2021年)。该国于2007年成立了国家灾害管理局(NDMA)，并于2012年制定了国家气候变化政策(NCCP)。在2022年的大洪水期间，巴基斯坦三分之一的地区被水淹没，约800万人被迫流离失所(规划、发展和特别行动部，2022年)。信德省卡拉奇市是巴基斯坦最大的城市，也是最容易受到气候变化影响的城市之一(布托，2020)。卡拉奇的许多移民，包括气候移民，缺乏获得医疗和住房等社会服务的机会(Iqbal等人，2018年)，并面临着城市不公正，如被剥夺(Saleem，2021年)。这些现实表明了研究这一主题的重大社会需求，到目前为止，这一问题也得到了有限的学术关注(Hossain等人，2017；Adamson&TSouRapas，2020；Ghosh&Orchiston，2022)。因此，这项研究的目的是综合一个跨学科的社会科学和社会政策框架，在与气候相关的移民、城市研究和社会政策的结合中产生新的理论和经验见解，以形成有效保护和准备措施的基础，以应对卡拉奇市气候变化对气候移民的各种影响。

The nexus between climate-related migration, urbanisation, and social policy is among the most complex and pressing global issues of the 21st century, especially in the Global South (IDMC, 2021). Climate migration is usually associated with human mobility related to both slow-onset (e.g., droughts and sea level rise) and rapid-onset disasters (e.g., floods), particularly in countries of the Global South, and is estimated to increase to approximately 216 million people by 2050 (Clement et al., 2021). Climate migrants are usually internal migrants who settle in large cities for the purpose of a safe and better life. However, it in turn causes or intensifies forms of urban informality and insecurity (Sandoval, 2019), and they, in big cities, further contribute to climate change impacts (Mearns & Nortonm, 2009). Big cities inPakistan are affected by climate migrants; Pakistan is in fact among the top 10 countries most affected by climate change (Eckstein et al., 2021). The countryestablished a National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) in 2007 and developed its National Climate Change Policy (NCCP) in 2012. During the massive2022 floods one-third of Pakistan was under water, and about 8 million people forcibly displaced (Ministry of Planning Development & Special Initiatives,2022). The city of Karachi in Sindh Province is Pakistan's largest city and one of the most vulnerable cities to climate change effects (Bhutoo, 2020). Manymigrants in Karachi, including climate migrants, lack access to social services such as health and housing (Iqbal et al., 2018) and face urban injustices suchas dispossession (Saleem, 2021). These realities point to the significant societal need to study this topic, which has also thus far received limited scholarlyattention (Hossain et al., 2017; Adamson & Tsourapas, 2020; Ghosh & Orchiston, 2022). And no full-scale academic study of Karachi, Pakistan exists.Therefore, the aim of this research is to synthesise an interdisciplinary social science and social policy framework that produces novel theoretical andempirical insights at the conjuncture of climate-related migration, urban studies, and social policy to form the basis of effective protection and preparationmeasures for various climate change impacts on climate migrants in the city of Karachi.