Control of Urban and Peri-urban Culex Mosquitoes

描述（由申请人提供）：库蚊属蚊子是全世界人类疾病的主要媒介。在美国，库蚊已被确定为西尼罗河病毒（WNV）的主要媒介。本提案中描述的研究活动联合收割机结合了来自加州大学戴维斯分校和加州大学滨江分校的医学昆虫学家、分子生物学家、化学/行为生态学家和生物化学家的专业知识;来自科切拉谷、大洛杉矶、默塞德县和沙斯塔县蚊虫和病媒控制区的运营专家，以及拜耳环境科学的行业合作伙伴，贝都基研究所和先正达公司。总体目标是改进控制库蚊的策略，方法是修改化学杀虫剂的应用方法，开发监测对这些杀虫剂的代谢抗性的新方法，并开发捕获妊娠库蚊的改进方法。这项研究的目的是在短期内提高我们有效管理库蚊种群的能力，而不是20年后。 目前的紧急西尼罗河病毒控制方案主要集中在库蚊，并取得了好坏参半的结果。它们未能防止病毒传播，并使人们对目前控制战略的有效性产生怀疑。在目标#1下，我们将对传统的杀虫剂施用方法和一种新的策略进行严格的评估，该策略涉及对已知有库蚊聚集的植被进行集中屏障处理。根据目标#2，我们将开发更准确地检测和定性测量酶介导的拟除虫菊酯杀虫剂抗性的方法。我们建议通过开发新型拟除虫菊酯样荧光底物来检测库蚊中的P450混合功能氧化酶和酯酶来实现这一目标。这些新的底物是高度敏感的。它们将被开发用于快速和廉价的微孔板测定，但产生高度定量和选择性的结果，用于检测个体蚊子中的拟除虫菊酯P450混合功能氧化酶和酯酶活性。为了监测和综合管理西尼罗河病毒和其他重要病毒的载体在城市和城市周边环境中，选择性的化学信息素为基础的蚊子陷阱是必不可少的，但目前的诱捕技术需要很大的改进。在目标#3下，我们将通过开发更好的诱饵来优化诱捕器的功效。候选引诱剂，包括一个纯手性的“产卵引诱剂”将进行评估和化学勘探的新引诱剂将使用国家的最先进的方法进行。我们将进行多学科的努力，其中潜在的诱惑活动将通过感觉生理学（电生理学），飞行观察（风洞和摄像）和基于对载体蛋白（气味结合蛋白）的亲和力的分子方法进行评估。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Mosquitoes in the genus Culex are major vectors of human diseases throughout the world. In the U.S. Culex mosquitoes have been identified as the principal vectors of West Nile Virus (WNV). The research activities described in this proposal combine the expertise of medical entomologists, molecular biologists, chemical/behavioral ecologists and biochemists from the University of California, Davis and UC, Riverside campuses; operational specialists from the Coachella Valley, Greater Los Angeles, Merced County and Shasta County Mosquito and Vector Control Districts, and industry partners from the Bayer Environmental Science, Bedoukian Research and Syngenta corporations. The overall goal is to improve strategies to control Culex mosquitoes by modifying methods for the application of chemical insecticides, developing novel methods for monitoring metabolic resistance to these insecticides and the development of improved methods for trapping gravid Culex mosquitoes. This research is aimed at increasing our capacity to effectively manage Culex populations in the near term; not twenty years hence. Current emergency WNV control programs are focused largely on Culex and have had mixed results. They have failed to prevent virus transmission, and have brought into question the efficacy of current control strategies. Under Aim #1 we will provide a rigorous evaluation of conventional insecticide application methodologies and of a novel strategy involving the application of focused barrier treatments of vegetation in which host seeking Culex mosquitoes are known to congregate. Under Aim #2 we will develop methods to more accurately detect and qualitatively measure enzyme mediated pyrethroid insecticide resistance. We propose to achieve this by developing novel pyrethoid-like fluorescent substrates for detection of P450 mixed function oxidases and esterases in Culex mosquitoes. These new substrates are highly sensitive. They will be developed for microplate assays that are rapid and inexpensive, but produce highly quantitative and selective results for detecting pyrethroid P450 mixed function oxidase and esterase activity in individual mosquitoes. For the surveillance and integrated management of the vectors of WNV and other important viruses in urban and peri-urban environments, selective semiochemical-based mosquito traps are essential but current trapping technology demands much improvement. Under Aim #3 we will work to optimize trap efficacy through the development of better lures. Candidate attractants including a homochiral "oviposition attractant" will be evaluated and chemical prospecting for novel attractants will be conducted using state-of-the-art approaches. We will mount a multidisciplinary effort in which activity of potential lures will be assessed by sensory physiology (electrophysiology), flight observations (wind tunnel and videography) and a molecular approach based on affinity to a carrier protein (odorant binding protein).