Biodiversity co-benefits of large scale restoration in the Brazilian Amazon

气候变化和生物多样性丧失是人们对自然环境人为改变的主要担忧。在过去的40年里，每一个十年都比上一个十年相继变暖；最近的一次是全球表面温度比工业时代之前高1.09摄氏度。除了气候变化，地球上的生命还面临着来自栖息地变化、物种入侵、过度开发和污染的巨大压力（千年生态系统评估，2005）。因此，据估计，未来几十年可能有100万种物种灭绝，与总生物量下降相吻合（IPBES报告，2019年）。我们现在看到大力推动制定大规模解决方案，以减少大气二氧化碳水平和空气污染，减缓气候变化，同时扭转生物多样性下降的趋势。一种日益被推广的解决方案是重新造林，因为它可能是隔绝二氧化碳的最有效策略之一，也是减轻热带森林地区生物多样性丧失的最有效策略。然而，重新造林是多种干预措施的总称，从在非森林地区种植非原生树木到恢复原生栖息地。在这个项目中，我们与巴西的初创公司Mombak合作，该公司的目标是成为世界上最大的碳去除公司，以最高的诚信为起点，重新造林巴西亚马逊。Mombak的目标是在未来五年内重新造林约10万公顷的亚马逊森林，在此背景下，我们将提出以下问题：1)声景观如何随时间变化，景观和区域特征以及种植计划是否影响这一轨迹？2)声学监测揭示的生态趋势是否与环境eDNA获得的趋势相似？3)哪些时空环境因子驱动α、β和γ多样性？该项目包括在亚马逊地区的一个野外季节收集声学数据和eDNA分析样本。学生将使用机器学习来处理声学数据，以计算整个周期中声学组成和声学多样性的变化。学生还将进行生态分析，将声学数据与eDNA进行比较，后者将由商业合作伙伴进行测序。该项目的成果将有助于Mombak为碳市场开发一个尖端的生物多样性监测框架，并将推动有关重新造林地区生物多样性恢复的知识

Climate change and biodiversity loss dominate concerns over anthropogenic modification of the natural world. For the last 40 years, each decade has been successively warmer thanthe last; the most recent with global surface temperatures 1.09degrees C higher than before the industrial era. In addition to a changing climate, life on Earth is under extreme pressure fromhabitat change, invasive species, over-exploitation and pollution (Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005). As a result, it has been estimated that 1 million species will likely goextinct in the coming decades, coinciding with declines in overall biomass (IPBES report,2019).We are now seeing a strong push for the development of large-scale solutions to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels and air pollution to mitigate climate change, while alsoreversing trends in biodiversity decline. One solution being increasingly promoted is reforestation, as it is likely one of the most effective strategies to sequester CO2, and themost effective strategy to mitigate biodiversity loss in tropical forest areas. Reforestation is however an umbrella term for many types of interventions that range from plantingnon-native trees in non-forested areas to restoring native habitat. In this project, we are partnering with Mombak, a start-up based in Brazil aiming to become the world's largest company on carbon removal with highest integrity, starting by reforestation the BrazilianAmazon. Mombak aims to have about 100,000 hectares of Amazonian forest under reforestation within the next five years and within this setting we will ask the following questions:1) How do soundscapes change through time and does landscape and regionalfeatures and planting scheme affect this trajectory?2) Are ecological trends revealed by acoustic monitoring similar to those obtained by environmental eDNA?3) What spatial and temporal environmental factors drive alpha, beta and gamma diversity?This project includes a field season in the Amazon to collect acoustic data and samples for eDNA analyses. Student will use machine learning to process acoustic data to calculate changes in acoustic composition and variation in acoustic diversity across the diel cycle. Student will also perform ecological analyses to compare acoustic data to eDNA, which will be sequenced by commercial partners. The outcome of this project will both aid Mombak to develop a cutting edge biodiversity monitoring framework for the carbon market and will drive forward the knowledge on biodiversity recovery in reforested areas