The Protestant Latin Bible of the Sixteenth Century 1516-1600

人们普遍认为，将《圣经》翻译成当地语言是十六世纪欧洲宗教改革的核心部分。拉丁语一直是中世纪教会的语言，是学者和神职人员的保留地，而拉丁语圣经，即众所周知的武加大，被认为是标准。鹿特丹的伊拉斯谟揭露了《圣经》中的不准确之处，引发了一场争论。天主教学者，伊拉斯谟之后，进行修订的武加大根据人道主义的语言和文本批评的原则。然而，新教徒做了一件相当不寻常的事情。而不是修订武加大，甚至放弃它，他们进行了新的翻译旧约和新约从希伯来文和希腊文到拉丁文。在十六世纪五个完整的翻译圣经，以及个别书籍和遗嘱，到拉丁美洲进行了路德和改革的学者。为什么？为什么？这是本课题的主要研究问题。这些由新教学者制作的大量拉丁语圣经几乎没有受到学者的关注。这个项目将提醒我们，拉丁语仍然是新教改革者的语言，我们需要更充分地了解拉丁语在宗教改革中的地位。对拉丁文圣经的需要反映了新的宗教改革运动的各个方面：一个准确的拉丁文圣经被认为是翻译成本地语言的必要基础，因为神职人员中很少有人（他们的主要读者）能够使用希伯来语或希腊语;拉丁文圣经也被视为在外国宣传和传播特定宗教思想的一种手段，因为拉丁文仍然是中间语言新教;新教教会试图证明他们的学术和学识不仅优于天主教徒，而且优于其他新教教徒，因此也存在一定程度的教派竞争。拉丁文圣经被认为是知识成熟的象征，也是那些有能力制作它们的城市的骄傲之源。因此，它们同时是学习的工具、文化装饰品和宗教宣传品。这个项目将通过文本的比较检查，对所涉及的学者网络的研究，以及对这些圣经的目的的调查，将这些圣经置于其历史，宗教和语言背景中。

It is widely recognised that the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was a central part of the European Reformation of the sixteenth century. Latin had been the language of the Medieval Church and the preserve of scholars and the clergy, and the Latin Bible, known as the Vulgate, was regarded as the standard. Erasmus of Rotterdam created a storm of controversy with his unmasking of the inaccuracies of the Vulgate. Catholic scholars, following Erasmus, undertook revisions of the Vulgate according to the principles of humanist linguistic and text criticism. Protestants, however, did something rather extraordinary. Instead of revising the Vulgate, or even abandoning it, they undertook new translations of the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into Latin. During the sixteenth century five complete translations of the Bible, as well as individual books and Testaments, into Latin were undertaken by Lutheran and Reformed scholars. Why? This is the principal research question of this project. These massive Latin Bibles produced by Protestant scholars have received virtually no attention from scholars. This project will remind us that Latin remained the language of the Protestant reformers and that we need to understand more fully the place of Latin in the Reformation. The need for Latin Bibles reflected various dimensions of the new Reformation movement: an accurate Latin Bible was thought to be the necessary basis for translations into the vernacular languages as few among the clergy (their primary readership) were capable of using either Hebrew or Greek; the Latin Bible was also viewed as a means of promoting and propagating particular religious ideas in foreign lands as Latin remained the interactional language of Protestantism; there was also a degree of confessional rivalry as the Protestant churches sought to demonstrate that their scholarship and learning was superior not only to the Catholics, but also to that of other Protestants. Latin Bibles were regarded as symbols of intellectual sophistication and the source of considerable pride to those cities capable of producing them. Thus, they were simultaneously tools of learning, cultural ornaments, and pieces of religious propaganda. This project will set these Bibles in their historical, religious, and linguistic contexts through comparative examinations of the texts, a study of the networks of scholars involved, and an investigation of the purposes for which these Bibles were intended.