Cathedrals and the British Churches, 1538-1670

对15世纪30年代至17世纪70年代英国教堂的研究突显了新教教会明显的反常之处，它保留了中世纪天主教会的重要治理元素，特别是主教、教区和大教堂。大陆新教教会在宗教改革中倾向于废除这三个教会，它们实际上在17世纪中叶的英国革命期间在英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰被废除；但在1660年的复辟时期，所有这些教会都回归了。主教们一直受到相当大的关注，但教区一直被忽视，大教堂只被以有限的方式进行研究(个别地作为孤立的机构，就其行政和司法职能而言，以及就他们被指控未能在新教教会中找到新的职能而言)。在整个过程中，重点一直放在惯性和偶然因素上。相比之下，我的研究旨在探索大教堂是如何体验的，以及它们如何在更广泛的教会中找到角色。通过对大教堂档案、高级教士的文件以及当代布道和传道的分析，我研究了为大教堂作为新教机构的辩护提出的论点，以及大教堂是如何找到功能的，强调它们作为传教中心的角色，它们在教育、社会和经济上的重要性，有序礼仪和音乐的发展，大教堂作为教区“母教会”的重要性，指导其神学和对其女儿教区教会的崇拜。这种对大教堂的道歉是针对经常对大教堂的严厉攻击，作为将罗马天主教重新引入英国的潜在特洛伊木马。17世纪30年代，英国见证了教会政策的一个新的高教会方向，强烈强调礼拜中的秩序、一致性和美。这一政策被证明是高度分裂的，许多新教徒认为这是试图扭转宗教改革，让不列颠回到罗马。大教堂是这项政策的中心战场，被视为理想的类型，规定了教区教堂的结构和礼拜应该如何排列。我的工作展示了大教堂如何在主办城市和教区产生了关键的宗教影响，并用宗教术语解释了城市公司和院长之间的许多冲突和分会，而不是以前的工作，在这些频繁的争吵中强调管辖权和空间问题。因此，重要的是，看到大教堂在导致英国内战的宗教和政治分歧中发挥重要作用。16世纪40年代和50年代对大教堂(大教堂通常比其他建筑遭受的破坏要严重得多)发起的破坏偶像的浪潮进行了重新审视，不仅将目光投向英格兰以外的苏格兰和爱尔兰大教堂，还将对大教堂的攻击与保卫大教堂的一系列尝试放在一起。随着教区和大教堂在16世纪30年代和40年代在所有三个王国都被废除，大教堂开始被象征性地视为痛苦的、被取缔的英格兰教会的形象，直到1660年大教堂和主教的修复。只有通过研究大教堂的防御(而不仅仅是对它们的攻击)，才能正确地理解教堂的修复。我对早期现代教区的研究是我研究的最后一条线索。我将考察大教堂在教区内的影响，并通过1559年至1667年一个教区伊利的个案研究，分析教区在这一时期是如何被理解和经历的，以及它在多大程度上不仅仅是一个教会管理单位。

Studies of the British churches between the 1530s and 1670s have highlighted the apparent anomalies of a Protestant church retaining significant elements of the governance of the medieval Catholic church, particularly bishops, dioceses and cathedrals. Continental Protestant churches tended to do away with all three at the Reformation, and they were in fact were abolished in England, Scotland and Ireland during the British revolution of the mid seventeenth century; but all returned at the Restoration in 1660. Bishops have been the subject of considerable attention, but dioceses have been overlooked and cathedrals only studied in limited ways (individually as isolated institutions, in terms of their administrative and jurisdictional functions, and in terms of their alleged failure to find a new function in a Protestant church). Throughout, the emphasis has been on inertia and accidental factors. By contrast, my research aims to explore how cathedrals were experienced and how they found roles within the wider church. Through analysis of cathedral archives, the papers of senior churchmen, and contemporary sermons and tracts, I examine the arguments put forward in defence of cathedrals as institutions in a Protestant church and how a function was found for cathedrals stressing their roles as preaching centres, their educational, social and economic importance, the development of an ordered liturgy and music, the importance of a cathedral as the 'mother church' of the diocese, guiding the theology and worship of its daughter parish churches. The development of this apology for cathedrals is set against the often scathing attack on cathedrals as potential Trojan horses for the re-introduction of Roman Catholicism into Britain.England in the 1630s witnessed a new high-church direction in church policy, with a strong emphasis on order, conformity and beauty in worship. This policy proved highly divisive and was seen by many Protestants as an attempt to reverse the Reformation and return Britain back to Rome. Cathedrals were central battlegrounds in this policy, seen as ideal types, setting out how the fabric and worship of parish churches should be ordered. My work shows how a cathedral had a key religious influence in its host city and diocese and explains much of the conflict between city corporations and deans and chapters in religious terms, unlike previous work which has stressed issues of jurisdiction and space in these frequent quarrels.It is important, therefore, to see cathedrals as having an important role in the religious and political divisions that led to the civil wars in Britain. The wave of iconoclasm unleashed against cathedrals in the 1640s and 1650s (cathedrals generally suffered far worse than other buildings) is re-examined, not only by looking beyond England to Scottish and Irish cathedrals, but also by setting the attack on cathedrals alongside a number of attempts to defend cathedrals. With the abolition of both episcopacy and cathedrals in all three kingdoms in the 1630s and 1640s, cathedrals came to be seen symbolically, as images of the suffering, outlawed, church of England, until the restoration of cathedrals and bishops in 1660. Only by examining the defence of cathedrals (and not just the attack on them), can the restoration of the church be properly understood.My work on the diocese in the early modern period is a final strand of my research. I will look at the influence of the cathedral within the diocese, and, through the case study of one diocese, Ely, between 1559 and 1667, I analyse how the diocese was understood and experienced in this period, and the extent to which it formed more than a mere unit of ecclesiastical administration.