The Politics of Identity and Migration: Maghrebi Migrants' Political Discourse in colonial and postcolonial France

人们经常认为，法国的后殖民移民对所谓的法国共和模式的融合提出了新的挑战。事实上，法国的大众，以及很大程度上的政治和媒体的话语，都把后殖民移民（尤其是马格里布人）和他们的孩子描绘成一个比以前的移民（主要是欧洲移民）更难融入的群体。这种被广泛接受的信念的核心在于，马格里布移民是一个相对较新的现象和问题，他们的文化、宗教传统和社会习俗（通常用模糊和物化的术语来描述）与法国人有着不可调和的“不同”，从而忽视了自殖民时代以来将法国与北非联系在一起的漫长而复杂的历史联系。同样，马格里布人今天在法国缺乏政治代表，与其说是由于北非人受到歧视，不如说是由于他们缺乏政治传统。本研究旨在通过探索法国北非移民的民族认同和话语是如何在殖民和后殖民时期形成的，并以法国普遍主义和政治价值观为标志，来挑战这两种广泛持有的信念。它还评估了法国关于穆斯林殖民“主体”和北非后殖民移民的话语和偏见的一些关键特征，以及它如何影响马格里布人在法国的政治激进主义。它考察了从20世纪20年代到阿尔及利亚独立，诞生于北非侨民的民族主义政党动员和发展反殖民主义和民族主义话语的方式。然后，将其与马格里布移民在后殖民时期的政治活动和话语进行比较和对比，并特别关注20世纪70年代。在那十年里，激进组织“阿拉伯人运动”（MTA）从其前辈的反殖民斗争中获得灵感，为移民权利而战，反对它所认为的以新殖民主义、种族主义和北非独立国家失败为标志的后殖民时期。MTA的积极分子后来在20世纪80年代的反种族主义游行和法国所谓的“第二代”北非人的动员中发挥了重要作用。这项研究评估了马格里布移民，他们在法国的存在可以追溯到20世纪初，是否能够发展出一种一致的、原创的政治传统和声音。这两个运动的话语和行动都是通过大量的档案文件和有关的二手资料来分析的，这些资料来自于由Messali Hadj领导的反殖民政治组织（ENA， PPA， MTLD和MNA）和MTA。详细审查的主要文件包括报纸、传单、武装分子的报告、私人信件、会议记录、海报以及警察和政府的报告。本研究考察了民族在国家认同框架中的重要性。然而，他们的认同感是由不同的标志所决定的，并以不同的方式塑造了他们的政治议程。一方面，Messalist组织促进了一种以植根于历史和宗教的民族主义话语为标志的民族认同。它旨在挑战法国的压迫性殖民统治，并在殖民领土范围内建立一个现代民族国家。另一方面，北非人的反殖民斗争、巴勒斯坦革命和强烈的阶级归属感影响了MTA的民族认同感。它的民族主义涵盖了阿拉伯世界，超越了民族国家的界限，它认为，民族国家未能击败帝国主义及其必然产物——种族主义。

It has often been argued that post-colonial immigration in France has posed new challenges to the so-called French Republican model of integration. Indeed, French popular, and to a large extent political and media, discourses have presented post-colonial migrants (especially Maghrebis) and their children as constituting a population which is more difficult to integrate than previous, mainly European, migrants. At the core of this widely held belief lies the idea that Maghrebi immigration is a relatively recent phenomenon and problem, and that their cultural, religious traditions and social practices (which are often described in vague and reifying terms) are irreconcilably 'different' from those of the French, thereby ignoring the long and complex historical links that have tied France to North Africa since the colonial era. Equally, the lack of political representation of Maghrebis in France today is not so much attributed to the discrimination to which North Africans are subjected as to their lack of political tradition.This study aims to challenge these two widely held beliefs by exploring how the ethno-national identity and discourses of North African immigrants in France were shaped in the colonial and post-colonial periods and marked by French Universalist and political values. It also assesses some of the key characteristics of French discourses on, and prejudice towards, the Muslim colonial 'subjects' and post-colonial migrants from North Africa and how it informed Maghrebis' political activism in France. It examines the ways in which the nationalist party born in the North African diaspora mobilised and developed anticolonial and nationalist discourses from the 1920s to Algerian independence.It then compares and contrasts this with Maghreb\ migrants' political activism and discourse in the post-colonial period with a particular focus on the 1970s. During that decade, the radical organization, the Movement des Travailleurs Arabes (MTA), drew its inspiration from the anticolonial struggle of its forebears, fought for immigrants' rights and against what it saw as a post-colonial period marked by neo-colonialism, racism and failed independent states in North Africa. Activists from the MTA later played an important role in the antiracist marches of the 1980s and the mobilization of so-called'Second Generation' North Africans in France.This study assesses whether Maghrebi immigrants, whose presence in France goes back to the early twentieth century, were able to develop a consistent and original political tradition and voice. Both movements' discourses and actions are analysed through a large corpus of archival documents on, and secondary sources pertaining to, anticolonial political organisations led by Messali Hadj (the ENA, the PPA, the MTLD and the MNA) and to the MTA. The primary documents which are examined in detail include newspapers, tracts, reports from militants, personal correspondence, minutes of meetings, posters, as well as police and government reports. This study examines the importance of ethnicity in the framing of national identity. However, their sense of identity was informed by different markers and shaped their political agenda in different ways. On the one hand, the Messalist organisations promoted an ethnic identity marked by a nationalist discourse that was rooted in history and religion. It aimed to challenge France's oppressive colonial rule, and establish a modern nation-state within the confines of the colonial territory. On the other hand, the MTA's sense of ethno-national identity was informed by North Africans' anti-colonial struggle, by the Palestinian Revolution and by a strong sense of class belonging. Its nationalism encompassed the Arab World and transcended the boundaries of nation-states which, it argued, had failed to defeat imperialism and its corollary, racism.