Landscapes of Secrecy: The Central Intelligence Agency and the contested record of US foreign policy, 1947-2001.

自1947年以来，美国的间谍和秘密行动一直享有独特的高调。这在一定程度上是因为人们喜欢隐蔽的干预措施，而这些干预措施往往不可能隐藏在公众视线之外(例如猪湾惨败)。频繁的爆料也反映了一部保证调查记者相对豁免权的成文宪法。在此期间，美国政府一直试图应对未经授权的情报行动账户的出现。它制定了一项“信息管理”的前瞻性战略，旨在限制破坏性材料的发布，并将积极的历史信息置于公共领域。学者、记者和许多中央情报局退休人员随后制定了抵抗的反战略。我们的项目不仅寻求提供这场斗争的详细描述，还试图将其嵌入美国外交政策的更广泛历史中。它将展示中央情报局的活动经常让人联想到更广泛的问题。这些问题包括干预主义和孤立主义之间、总统领导和民主外交政策之间的长期振荡，以及对人权的例外主义和普遍主义方法之间的长期振荡。1975年后，总统和国会都采取公开行动限制--然后释放--中央情报局，这突显了它的象征意义。该项目被组织成三个主要的“线索”。第一个重点是关于美国国务院发布的一系列受人尊敬的历史文件中中情局形象的斗争。1991年，学者、国务院和中央情报局之间的一场备受瞩目的斗争促使国会进行立法干预。此后，中央情报局在历史领域发展了自己的“前进战略”，包括一个大型的现场博物馆。第二部分是对中情局退休官员的中情局回忆录的制作和作用的分析。中情局已经出版了90多本回忆录。由于有关情报的原始历史文献性质参差不齐，回忆录对中央情报局历史的构建产生了不成比例的影响。有争议的是，一些退休人员出版了未经审查的“变节”回忆录。第三个流派探索的领域是“间谍派”，也就是对真实事件的轻度虚构描述。这部广受欢迎的中央情报局《历史》由于转移到电影银幕上而获得了广泛的欢迎。中央情报局现在与电影公司合作，以增强他们的“真实性”，最近还协助拍摄了电影“好牧羊人”。这三条线索之所以被选中，是因为它们在美国外交政策的整体构建中具有重要意义。它们之所以被选中，也是因为试点项目在美国国家档案馆以及德克萨斯州和斯坦福的其他储存库中发现了优秀的、迄今未使用的档案材料。选定的对象也很适合面试。该项目团队代表了华威大学和诺丁汉大学之间的多学科合作。它包括在美国研究、外交史和情报史领域经验丰富的学者，以及冷战文学和电影。资深学者和年轻研究人员的平衡将为新进入者提供强大的方向和良好的进步机会。这是一个不仅会引起美国外交政策学者的兴趣，也会引起政策制定者和普通公众的兴趣。因此，调查结果将被广泛传播。将有四本书，七篇期刊文章和一次会议。公众的理解对这个项目很重要。一个网站将托管在线文件、文章和项目会议结束的广告。与严肃的媒体和播客的接触将是传播的一个关键方面。三个有价值的美国合作伙伴和一个专家顾问委员会将确保产出平衡。

Since 1947, American espionage and covert operations have enjoyed a uniquely high profile. This is partly because of a taste for 'covert' interventions that were often impossible to keep hidden from public view (for example the Bay of Pigs fiasco). Frequent revelations also reflected a written constitution that guaranteed investigative journalists relative immunity. Throughout this period, the US government sought to cope with the appearance of unauthorised accounts of intelligence operations. It developed a forward strategy of 'information management' intended to limit the release of damaging material and to place positive historical information in the public domain. Academics, journalists and many CIA retirees then developed counter-strategies of resistance. Our project seeks, not only to provide a detailed account this struggle, but also to embed it within the broader history of American foreign policy. It will demonstrate the way in which CIA activity has often been redolent of wider issues. These include a long-standing oscillation between interventionism and isolationism, between presidential leadership and democratic foreign policy, and also between exceptionalism and univeralist approaches to human rights. Public moves by both the President and Congress after 1975 to restrict - and then unleash - the CIA underline its symbolic importance.The project is organised into three main 'strands'. The first focuses on the struggle over the appearance of the CIA in the State Department's respected series of published historical documents. A high profile battle between academics, the State Department and the CIA prompted legislative intervention by Congress in 1991. Thereafter, the CIA developed its own 'forward strategy' in the field of history, including a large on-site museum. The second stream constitutes an analysis of the production and role of CIA memoirs by retired CIA officers. More than ninety CIA memoirs have been published. Because of the uneven nature of primary historical documentation concerning the intelligence, memoirs have exercised a disproportionate influence upon the construction of CIA history. Controversially, some retirees published 'renegade' memoirs that were uncensored. The third stream explores the realm of 'spy-faction', or lightly fictionalized accounts of real events. This popular form of CIA 'history' has achieved a wide reception as the result of transfer to the cinema screen. The CIA now co-operates with film companies to enhance their 'reality' and recently assisted with the film 'The Good Shepherd'. These three strands have been selected for their importance within the overall construction of American foreign policy. They have also been chosen because pilot projects have identified excellent, and hitherto unused, archival material at the US National Archives as well at other repositories at Texas and Stanford. The chosen subjects also lend themselves well to interview. The project team represents a multi-disciplinary collaboration between the Universities of Warwick and Nottingham. It comprises academics experienced in the fields of the American studies, diplomatic history and the history of intelligence, together with Cold War literature and film. A balance of senior scholars and younger researchers will combine strong direction with excellent progression opportunities for new entrants.This is a subject that will interest not only scholars of American foreign policy, but also policy-makers and the general public. Accordingly, the findings will be widely disseminated. There will be four books, seven journal articles and a conference. Public understanding is important for this project. A web-site will host online documents, articles and advertise the end of project conference. Engagement with the serious press and pod-casting will be a key aspect of dissemination. Three valued American partners and an expert advisory board will ensure balanced output.