Increasing Attention to Smoking Risk Messages

描述（由申请人提供）：本提案中提出的中心论点是，吸烟者认为他们了解吸烟相关危害的看法在关于吸烟危害的沟通的两个关键阶段起着核心作用：a）关注和详细说明信息的动机，以及B）接受或拒绝信息。我们认为，吸烟者认为自己对吸烟的危害非常了解，这是大多数吸烟者如何看待自己，几乎没有动力去寻找和处理有关吸烟风险的信息。因此，我们测试是否减少吸烟者对吸烟风险的认知会增加对吸烟危害信息的关注和处理。我们进一步提出，感知知识可以通过任何一个目标（即，批判但无偏见）或防御性信息处理。这一过程的发生被假设为吸烟者自我效能感的调节。我们预测，自我效能低的吸烟者会比自我效能高的吸烟者对有关吸烟风险的通信做出更防御性的反应，特别是在那些认为自己非常有知识的人中。提出了一个三组随机设计，包括300名年龄在18-24岁之间、每天吸烟> 5支的大学吸烟者和300名年龄在21岁及以上的成年吸烟者。吸烟者将完成一项基线调查，评估他们对吸烟风险的认知、自我效能、对吸烟相关危害的认知风险和担忧以及戒烟意愿。基线后两周，在校园地点，吸烟者将被随机接受一项简单或困难的测试，旨在衡量参与者对吸烟相关风险的“整体知识”，或接受一项测试。无试验对照组。两个测试组只会得到真实的反馈，表明他们在测试中做得很差（困难的测试，低感知知识条件）或很好（容易的测试，高感知知识条件）。然后，所有吸烟者都将在计算机上查看有关吸烟风险的信息。我们将评估参与者对信息的反应（例如，认知反应的程度和可解释性，情绪反应）以及这些反应如何影响对吸烟相关疾病的风险和担忧的感知。他们将在实验室程序后一个月和四个月接受调查，以确定对风险、担忧、知识的看法的稳定性，重要的是，确定为戒烟所采取的任何步骤（例如，戒烟尝试、吸烟量和实际戒烟）。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The central argument put forth in this proposal is that smokers' perception that they are knowledgeable about smoking-related harms plays a central role at two stages critical to communications about the harms of smoking: a) motivation to attend to and elaborate upon the information, and b) the acceptance or rejection of the information. We argue that smokers who view themselves as highly knowledgeable about the harms of smoking, which is how most smokers see themselves, have little motivation to seek out and process information about the risks of smoking. Hence, we test whether reducing smokers'perceived knowledge of smoking risks will increase attention to and processing of messages about the harms of smoking. We further propose that perceived knowledge can increase the acceptance or rejection of information via either objective (i.e., critical but unbiased) or defensive processing of information. Which process occurs is hypothesized to be moderated by smokers' perceived self-efficacy. We predict that smokers with low self-efficacy will react more defensively to communications about smoking risks than smokers with high self-efficacy, especially among those who perceive themselves as very knowledgeable. Proposed is a three-group randomized design consisting of 300 university smokers between the ages of 18-24 who smoke > 5 cigarettes/day and 300 adults smokers ages 21 and older. Smokers will complete a baseline survey assessing their perceived knowledge of the risks of smoking, self-efficacy, perceived risks and worry for smoking-related harms, and desire to quit. Two weeks after baseline, at a campus location, smokers will be randomized to take either an easy or difficult test intended to measure participants' "global knowledge" about smoking-related risks or to a . no-test control group. The two tested groups only will get veridical feedback indicating they did poorly on the test (difficult test, low perceived knowledge condition) or well (easy test, high perceived knowledge condition). All smokers will then review information on computer about risks of smoking. We will assess participants' reactions to the information (e.g., extent and favorability of cognitive responding, emotional reactions) and how these reactions affect perceptions of risk and worry for smoking-related diseases. They will be surveyed one and four months after the laboratory procedures to determine the stability of perceptions of risks, worry, knowledge, and importantly, any steps taken towards cessation (e.g., quit attempts, amount smoked, and actual cessation).