Composition heterogeneity and dynamics of the eukaryotic translation machinery

电池中的许多过程都是由大型机器执行的，这些机器是由电池由复杂的各种部件建造的。如果我们遇到一台新机器，我们会如何理解它？首先，我们会弄清楚它的用途，然后，检查它的组成部件，最后，我们会尝试重新组装或用一组同等的部件来建造我们自己的机器。如果我们想要制造更多的机器，我们将不得不设计一个工厂，以确保所有部件都是可用的。任何制造过程的设计都是复杂的--例如，如果我们知道要制造N台机器，我们是否要确保N套部件可用(“准时制”原则)--如果其中一个部件的供应商未能交付怎么办？或者，我们是否设计了一个工厂，在那里我们有50N个零件始终可用，从而增加了存储和制造成本(过剩库存)。我们是回收这些多余的部件，还是将它们储存多年，使它们逐渐损坏或不适合使用？该细胞面临着完全相同的挑战。在细胞中制造蛋白质的机器被称为核糖体，它使用基因中的蓝图来决定蛋白质的合成。核糖体本身就是一个高度复杂的机器，由蛋白质和RNA组成。我们的目标是描述与翻译机器相关的所有蛋白质，计算每个部分(蛋白质)有多少，并计算出细胞如何平衡“及时”制造和“多余部分”制造的成本和收益。我们将发现制造部件的速度有多快，多余部件的回收程度，甚至细胞是否生产不同型号的机器(S、GT、GTL、GTE型号！)专为不同的用途和地点而设计。通过了解这种复杂的机械是如何制造的，我们将开始了解电池如何平衡响应的灵活性(在时间和机器类型方面)与质量控制、制造原则和能源成本。制造业在细胞尺度上就像在汽车组装厂一样复杂。

Many processes in the cell are carried out by large machines, built by the cell from complex assortments of parts. If we encountered a new machine how would we understand it? First, we'd work out what it does, and then, examine the parts that it is made of, and finally, we'd try and reassemble or build our own machines from an equivalent set of parts. If we then wanted to build more machines, we would have to design a factory to make sure that all the parts were available. The design of any manufacturing process is complex - do we for example, make sure that N sets of parts are available if we know we are to build N machines ('just in time' principles) - what if the supplier of one of the parts fails to deliver? Or, do we design a factory where we have 50N parts always available, increasing storage and manufacturing costs (surplus stock). Do we recycle those surplus parts, or store them for years, so that they gradually become damaged or unfit for purpose? The cell faces exactly the same challenges. The machine that makes proteins in the cell is called the ribosome, which uses the blueprints in the genes to dictate the synthesis of proteins. The ribosome is itself a highly complex machine, made of proteins and RNA. Our goal is to characterise all the proteins associated with the translation machinery, calculate how many of each part (protein) there are, and work out how the cell balances the costs and benefits of 'just in time' against 'surplus part' manufacturing. We will discover how rapidly the parts can be made, the degree to which surplus parts are recycled, and even whether the cell makes variants of the machine (S, GT, GTL, GTE models!) that are designed for different uses and locations. By understanding how such complex machinery is made, we will begin to understand how the cell balances flexibility of response (in time, and in terms of types of machine) with quality control, manufacturing principles and energy costs. Manufacturing is as complex on the cellular scale as it is in a car assembly plant.