The effect of antismoking parenting practices on adolescent smoking

描述(申请人提供)：青春期是吸烟开始和发展的关键时期。在经常吸烟的成年人中，大多数人在青春期开始吸烟，并在18岁时逐渐养成习惯。因此，迫切需要确定保护青少年不会开始吸烟并逐渐养成习惯的因素。一种可能性是禁烟育儿。禁止在室内吸烟等育儿措施已被证明可以降低青少年吸烟的可能性。尽管禁烟育儿似乎具有保护作用，但目前还不清楚所有的做法是否都具有同等的保护作用，以及为什么。鉴于其他奖励活动(例如，团队运动)、反烟草行业的态度、与吸烟相关的信念(例如，认为成年人不赞成吸烟)、对青少年吸烟者的刻板印象(例如，吸烟者很时髦)和对青少年吸烟者的判断(例如，“我不介意我的朋友吸烟”)，以及同伴吸烟与积极的育儿、反吸烟的育儿和青少年吸烟有关，它们是解释禁烟父母养育和青少年吸烟之间关系的潜在机制(中介)。也就是说，禁烟父母教育对青少年吸烟的影响可能部分是通过一个或所有这些可能的中介因素产生的间接影响。同样不清楚的是，禁烟育儿做法是否同样有利于那些生活在吸烟家庭和不吸烟家庭的青少年。这项拟议的研究将通过在750名9年级(14岁)到10年级(15岁)的青少年队列中检查一系列反吸烟父母做法与青少年吸烟进展之间的直接、间接和缓和的关系来填补这些研究空白。生物生态学方法为这项研究提供了理论框架，因为它强调面对面环境(例如家庭)中的近距离过程(例如，戒烟育儿)对发育结果(例如，吸烟)的影响。这项拟议的研究将评估禁烟父母对青少年吸烟的整体影响，通过潜在的中介机制产生的间接影响，以及是否有任何一种做法是最具保护性的。此外，潜在增长曲线建模(LGCM)将允许解释吸烟行为随时间变化的个体间和个体内的差异。最后，这项拟议的研究将根据青少年是否与吸烟的家庭成员一起生活来评估禁烟父母的保护效果是否有所不同。这将是第一个在单一模型中测试这些关系的研究，也是第一个从生物生态框架评估禁烟父母对青少年吸烟影响的研究。这些独特的数据对于制定有效的青少年吸烟预防和干预计划至关重要。这项控烟研究的最终目标是了解禁烟育儿措施对青少年吸烟进展的影响，评估禁烟育儿措施的数量与吸烟进展之间的关系，确定影响机制，并评估谁从禁烟育儿中受益最大。这将是第一个测试这些关系的研究，也是第一个在生物生态学框架下评估禁烟父母对青少年吸烟影响的研究。这些独特的数据将对制定有效的青少年吸烟预防和干预计划至关重要。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Adolescence is a critical period for smoking initiation and progression. Of adults ever smoking regularly, the majority initiated smoking during adolescence and progressed to a regular habit by age 18. Thus, there is a pressing need to identify factors that protect adolescents from initiating smoking and progressing to a regular habit. One possibility is antismoking parenting. Parenting practices such as forbidding smoking indoors have been shown to reduce the likelihood of adolescent smoking. Although antismoking parenting appears protective, it is unclear whether all practices protect equally, and why. Given that alternative rewarding activities (e.g., team sport), anti-tobacco industry attitudes, smoking-related beliefs (e.g., perceived adult disapproval of smoking), stereotypes (e.g., smokers are stylish) and judgment (e.g., "I don't mind it if my friends smoke") of youth smokers, and peer smoking are related to positive parenting, antismoking parenting and adolescent smoking, they are potential mechanisms (mediators) to explain the relationship between antismoking parenting and adolescent smoking. That is, the effect of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking may result in part from its indirect effects through one or all these possible mediators. It is also unclear whether antismoking parenting practices benefit equally those adolescents living in smoking and non-smoking households. The proposed study will fill these research gaps by examining direct, indirect, and moderated relationships between a range of antismoking parenting practices and adolescent smoking progression in a cohort of 750 adolescents followed from 9th (age 14) to 10th grade (age 15). A bioecological approach provides the theoretical framework for this research, as it emphasizes the effect of proximal processes (e.g., antismoking parenting) within the face-to-face setting (e.g., household) on developmental outcomes (e.g., smoking). The proposed study will evaluate the overall effect of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking, the indirect effect through potential mediating mechanisms, and whether any one practice is most protective. Further, latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) will permit accounting for both inter and intra-individual variation in smoking behavior across time. Finally, the proposed study will evaluate whether the protective effect of antismoking parenting differs depending on whether adolescents live with family members who smoke. This will be the first study to test these relationships in a single model, and the first to assess the effects of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking from a bioecological framework. Such unique data will be critical to developing efficacious youth smoking prevention and intervention programs. The ultimate goal of this tobacco control research is to understand how antismoking parenting practices affect adolescent smoking progression, evaluating the relationship between the amount of antismoking parenting practices and smoking progression, identifying the mechanisms of effect, and evaluating who benefits most from antismoking parenting. This will be the first study to test these relationships, and the first to assess the effects of antismoking parenting on adolescent smoking in a bioecological framework. Such unique data will be critical to developing effective youth smoking prevention and intervention programs.