Objective Monitoring of Energy Intake and Ingestive Behavior in a Free Living Pop

描述（由申请人提供）：全球超重和肥胖的比率正在上升。世界卫生组织估计，2005年全世界大约有16亿人超重，至少有4亿人肥胖。超重和肥胖会增加患慢性疾病的风险，如2型糖尿病、心血管疾病和癌症。超重和肥胖是由能量摄入和能量消耗之间的不平衡造成的，但这种不平衡的病因和潜在机制仍不完全清楚。监测能量消耗的装置发展得很好，也很准确，并已成功地用于干预研究。相比之下，监测能量摄入的方法是不准确的，繁琐的，繁琐的。例如，饮食自我报告已被广泛用于测量食物摄入量，但存在许多缺点，特别是在长期使用方面。使用摄像机来评估食物摄入量似乎与饮食相当，但即使使用包括录音机和摄像机在内的多媒体饮食记录，人们似乎仍然少报了他们的食物摄入量。迫切需要创新的策略来准确评估人类自由生活的能量和食物摄入量。本研究的目的是发展一种准确和客观的方法来评估自由生活的摄食行为和能量摄入。我们之前的研究结果表明，通过测量咀嚼和吞咽事件得出的指标可以可靠地（准确率为95%）识别每一次食物摄入的发生，时间粒度为30秒；区分固体和液体的摄入（>90%的准确度），并预测摄入的固体和液体的质量（>90%的固体，>80%的液体）。我们还展示了吞咽实例可以通过计算机算法从微型麦克风捕获的数据中自动识别。R21提案的总体目标是在制定监测自由生活条件下能量摄入的方法方面迈出下一步。具体来说，我们将开发一些方法，使咀嚼和吞咽事件可以提供关于一顿饭的额外信息：预测在用餐过程中消耗的不同食物的数量；估计每种不同食物的质量；根据自动获得的质量估计和用户输入的食物类型预测食物的热量含量。这项研究预计将在最大程度上接近自由生活条件下无限制食物摄入的条件下验证该方法。所提出的技术价格低廉，并提供有关饮食模式的独特信息，使研究、临床和消费者应用于诊断导致体重增加的摄入行为（过量吃零食、夜间暴饮暴食、晚上和周末暴饮暴食）和准确估计每日卡路里摄入量。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Rates of overweight and obesity are increasing globally. The World Health Organization estimated that there were approximately 1.6 billion overweight and at least 400 million obese adults worldwide in 2005. Overweight and obesity increase the risk of developing chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. Overweight and obesity result from an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure but the etiology of that imbalance and the underlying mechanisms are still incompletely understood. The devices for monitoring of energy expenditure are well developed and accurate and have been successfully employed in intervention studies. In contrast, methods for monitoring energy intake are inaccurate, tedious, and cumbersome. For example, dietary self-report has been used intensively for the measurement of food intake, but there are numerous shortcomings, particularly in regards to long-term use. Using cameras to assess food intake appears to be comparable to diet but even when multimedia diet records that include tape recorders and cameras are used, it appears that people still underreport their food intake. There is an urgent need for innovative strategies for accurately assessing free-living energy and food intake in humans. The goal of this study is to develop an accurate and objective methodology of assessing free- living ingestive behavior and energy intake. The results of our previous study show that metrics derived from measured chewing and swallowing events can be used to reliably (>95% accuracy) identify each occurrence of food ingestion with fine time granularity of 30s; differentiate between ingestion of solids and liquids (>90% accuracy) and predict the mass of ingested solids and liquids (>90% solids, >80% liquids). We also showed that swallowing instances can be automatically identified by a computer algorithm from the data captured by a miniature microphone. The overall goal of this R21 proposal is to make the next step in methodology development for monitoring of energy intake in free living conditions. Specifically, we will develop methods such that chews and swallowing events can provide additional information about a meal: predict number of distinct foods consumed in the course of meal; estimate mass for each distinct food; predict caloric content of the food based on automatically obtained mass estimates and user - entered food type. This study is expected to validate the methodology under conditions maximally close to unrestricted food intake in free living conditions. The proposed technology is inexpensive and provides unique information about eating patterns which enable research, clinical and consumer applications for diagnostic of ingestive behaviors leading to weight gain (excessive snacking, night eating, evening and weekend overeating) and accurate estimation of daily caloric intake. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The combination of the proposed methods in a miniature wearable device can enable objective diagnostics and monitoring of ingestive behavior and caloric intake in free living population, and can be used by researchers, nutritionists and general population. Applications of the proposed device include 1) study of patterns of food consumption that are indicative of obesity (for use by researchers); 2) a diagnostic tool (for use by a nutritionist/heath adviser) and a behavioral modification tool for correcting known behaviors leading to weight gain (snacking, night eating, weekend or evening overeating); 3) a diagnostic and monitoring tool for caloric intake. The main advantage over existing methods is objective estimation of food intake occurrence and food intake mass (reduction or elimination of underreporting). The sensors can be easily worn by individuals of all sizes, and thus can be used in a wide range of populations (e.g., children, elderly, normal weight individuals, obese individuals, and persons with anorexia). We envision that these sensors will improve our assessment of energy intake in free-living individuals and be useful as a therapeutic tool for behavioral modification of energy intake.