The Geography of Violence and alcohol in Boston

描述（由申请人提供）：这里提出的研究将使用档案数据和多层次/分层空间模型来研究波士顿市随着时间的推移，酒精销售点和暴力的地理分布。我们将确定地点是否以及如何影响酒精出口（类型和密度）与暴力之间的关系。利用波士顿紧急医疗服务（EMS）、EMS患者护理数据、美国人口普查数据、马萨诸塞州酒精饮料控制委员会（MABCC）关于酒精出口类型和位置的数据以及波士顿警方关于毒品相关逮捕的记录的10年数据（1996-2006），我们将调查以下具体目标：1)使用空间回归在地理上确定波士顿地区穿透性创伤的热点地区（1996-2006）。日期，时间，创伤类型。制作相关地图。2)确定穿透性创伤的地理位置（EMS提取地点）与酒精销售点（类型和密度）之间是否存在关系，以及这种关系是否随着时间的推移而变化，并因其与社会劣势措施和酒精可获得性的关系而变化/缓和：a)确定酒精密度和穿透性创伤的热点；B)确定零售毒品活动是否改变了酒精销售点与穿透性创伤率之间的关系。3)根据利基理论，确定是否存在暴力热点地区，酒类销售类型较多。社会解体作为这种关系的混杂因素和/或修正因素的作用也将被评估。该项目的目标是确定以地方为基础的环境措施，如酒类销售点和毒品市场与暴力发生率之间的关系。我们将随着时间的推移检查变化，并包括毒品市场地点的变化（由代理衡量，毒品逮捕地点）。总体方法是根据利基和社会无序理论，其中酒精出口的密度和类型可能允许一系列出口选择，将饮酒者分层为子群体，并提供饮酒问题发生的场所。从这项研究中获得的信息可以帮助更好地为公共卫生和有关酒类销售分区、广告和执法的政策决策提供信息。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The research proposed here will use archival data and multi-level/hierarchal spatial modeling to examine the geography of alcohol outlets and violence, over time, in the city of Boston. We will determine whether and how place matters in regard to the relationship between alcohol outlet (type and density) and violence. Using 10 years of data (1996-2006) from the Boston emergency medical services (EMS), EMS patient care data, US census data, Massachusetts alcohol beverage control commissions (MABCC) data on alcohol outlet type and location and Boston police records on drug related arrests, we will investigate the following specific aims: 1) Geographically determine hot spots using spatial regression, over time, (1996-2006) of penetrating trauma, in the Boston area. Date, time, type of trauma. Produce related maps. 2) Determine if there is a relationship between geographic location of penetrating trauma (place of EMS pickup) and alcohol outlets (type and density) and whether this changes over time and varies/is moderated by its relation to measures of social disadvantage and alcohol availability: a) identify hotspots of alcohol density and penetrating trauma; b) determine if retail drug activity modifies the relationship between alcohol outlets and rates of penetrating trauma. 3) Determine, consistent with niche theory, if there are violence hot spot areas with more types of alcohol outlets. The role of social disorganization as a confounder and/or modifier of this relationship will also be assessed. The goal of this project is to determine how place based, environmental measures such as alcohol outlets and drug markets are related to rates of violence. We will examine changes overtime and include changes in drug market locations (as measured by the proxy, drug arrest locations). The overall approach is informed by niche and social disorganization theory in which, density and type of alcohol outlets may allow for a range of outlet choices, the stratification of drinkers into subgroups and provide a place for problem drinking to occur. Information obtained from this research could help better inform public health and policy decisions regarding alcohol outlet zoning, advertising and law enforcement. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The goal of this project is to determine how place-based environmental measures such as alcohol outlets and drug markets are related to rates of violence. Information obtained from this research could help better inform public health and policy decisions regarding alcohol outlet zoning, advertising and law enforcement.