Visual Control of Locomotion

项目摘要 这个项目的长期目标是开发一个视觉控制运动的动力学模型， 它可以用来模拟视觉移动问题，并预测日常运动的路径。 环境.这项研究追求两个密切相关的问题：第一，运动的行为动力学， 或如何通过复杂变化的环境产生安全的运动路径;第二，控制 法律的运动，或者这种行为是如何指导的感知控制策略的基础上多感官的， 阵 在先前的研究中，我们建立了四种基本运动行为的动力学模型：（a）转向 （B）避开静止障碍物，（c）拦截移动目标，以及（d）避开 移动障碍在自由行走的参与者中使用虚拟现实技术，我们根据经验测试了每一种 组件，然后研究如何在更复杂的情况下集成的基本行为。我们 发现这些成分的线性组合成功地预测了人类的路径， 目标和障碍，如一个移动的目标与一个固定的障碍，甚至与成对的参与者在一个 追求/逃避任务;然而，注意因素似乎在多个障碍中发挥作用。在第二 一组研究，我们测试了光流，自我中心方向，和凝视/头/身体对齐的贡献 到在线转向控制和视觉运动适应。 拟议研究的具体目标是追求行人之间的运动相互作用，地图 多感官的贡献知觉控制策略，并应用该模型来模拟视觉IM- pairments配对and mobility移动problems问题.我们将操纵视觉信息在步行过程中使用虚拟环境- 在头戴式显示器中呈现的信息，通过运动适应的足动信息，前庭 信息通过电流刺激，颈部本体感受通过肌肉振动。建议进行四项研究： (1)行人的相互作用将调查行人之间的运动相互作用，包括一对标准杆， 参与者，与模拟的虚拟代理交互的参与者，与一群虚拟代理交互的参与者， 真实的代理人，和行人交通流的自然主义研究。(2)多感官控制策略将测试 视觉、足动、前庭和本体感受信息对转向控制的贡献。(3)通信- 复杂行为将扩展模型，以纳入注意力因素，速度控制，并解决问题 “在线”控制或预先路径规划。(4)模拟外围磁场损失将根据经验进行测试，并寻求 模拟隧道视觉和同向偏盲对移动性的影响。 14

Project Summary The long-term objective of this project is to develop a dynamical model of visually controlled locomotor be- havior, which can be used to simulate visual mobility problems and predict paths of locomotion in everyday environments. The research pursues two closely related problems: First, the behavioral dynamics of locomotion, or how safe paths of locomotion are generated through a complex changing environment; second, the control laws for locomotion, or how this behavior is guided by perceptual control strategies based on multisensory in- formation. In previous research, we developed a dynamical model of four elementary locomotor behaviors: (a) steering to a stationary goal, (b) avoiding a stationary obstacle, (c) intercepting a moving target, and (d) avoiding a moving obstacle. Using virtual reality techniques in freely-walking participants, we empirically tested each component, and then studied how the elementary behaviors are integrated in more complex situations. We found that linear combinations of the components successfully predict human paths with various pairs of goals and obstacles, such as a moving target with a stationary obstacle, and even with pairs of participants in a pursuit/evasion task; however, attentional factors appear to play a role with multiple obstacles. In a second set of studies, we tested the contributions of optic flow, egocentric direction, and gaze/head/body alignment to online steering control and visual-locomotor adaptation. The specific aims of the proposed research are to pursue locomotor interactions between pedestrians, map out multisensory contributions to perceptual control strategies, and apply the model to simulate visual im- pairments and mobility problems. We will manipulate visual information during walking using virtual envi- ronments presented in a head-mounted display, podokinetic information by locomotor adaptation, vestibular information by galvanic stimulation, and neck proprioception by muscle vibration. Four studies are proposed: (1) Pedestrian interactions will investigate locomotor interactions between pedestrians, including a pair of par- ticipants, a participant interacting with a simulated virtual agent, a participant interacting with a crowd of vir- tual agents, and naturalistic studies of pedestrian traffic flow. (2) Multisensory control strategies will test the contributions of visual, podokinetic, vestibular, and proprioceptive information to steering control. (3) Com- plex behaviors will extend the model to incorporate attentional factors, speed control, and address the question of "online" control or advance path planning. (4) Modeling peripheral field loss will empirically test and seek to model the effects of tunnel vision and homonymous hemianopsia on mobility. 14