Development of Neural Systems Underlying Learning and Response to Novelty

这是一个修订后的K 01提案，旨在培养神经影像学应用于 基于环境统计的学习发展调查，即频率和 基于联想的学习候选人制定了详细的职业发展计划， 教学课程，神经影像学研讨会，以及持续的监督，培训和咨询，与外地 专家拟议的培训将在威尔医学院的萨克勒研究所进行， 康奈尔大学。萨克勒博物馆里有几位世界知名的认知发展神经科学家 是少数几个完全致力于使用神经成像技术进行发育研究的机构之一。 在以前的工作中，我们发现纹状体参与简单的基于频率的学习， 海马参与联想学习。我们将测试假设，虽然这些形式的 学习在发育早期是完整的，在学习过程中有效地保持信息的能力， 当学习信息被新信息侵犯时， 底层神经电路（例如，额纹状体和额海马回路）。统计 在呈现刺激和/或与其他刺激相关联的频率中的操纵将被 主要的操纵。婴儿的眼跳潜伏期，以及婴儿的眼跳潜伏期和反应时间。 儿童、青少年和成人将被用作行为依赖性测量。在一次单独的会议上， 功能性磁共振成像（fMRI）和扩散张量成像（DTI）将用于相同的 儿童、青少年和成人，以评估大脑区域招募和连接的变化 在这些区域之间作为学习和发展的函数。这些研究具有重大意义 对于早产和极低出生体重（VLBW，< 1500克）的儿童， 轻微的纹状体和海马损伤在围产期，大约40%的人会有一些 学习障碍通过跟踪在典型发育过程中该回路的学习功能的变化， 这些研究将为临床研究奠定基础，这些临床研究可以识别精确的学习中断（特定的 纹状体或海马电路）和相关的结果和学习障碍， VLBW种群。K 01研究将提供一种解释未来临床数据的方法。 研究可能会受到限制。

This is a revised K01 proposal designed to foster expertise in the application of neuroimaging to a developmental investigation of learning based on environmental statistics, namely frequency and association-based learning. The candidate has formulated a detailed career development plan composed of didactic coursework, neuroimaging workshops, and ongoing supervision, training, and consultation with field experts. The proposed training will be conducted at the Sackler Institute at the Weill Medical College of Cornell University. The Sackler houses several world-renowned cognitive developmental neuroscientists and is one of the few facilities dedicated entirely to developmental research using neuroimaging technology. In previous work, we found the striatum to be involved in simple frequency-based learning and the hippocampus to be involved in associative learning. We will test the hypothesis that while these forms of learning are intact early in development, the ability to efficiently maintain information during learning and adjust behavior when learned information is violated by novel information develops more gradually as the underlying neural circuitry (e.g., frontostriatal and frontohippocampal circuits) is organized. Statistical manipulations in the frequency with which stimuli are presented and/or associated with other stimuli will be the primary manipulation. Saccade latency in infants, and both saccade latency and reaction times in children, adolescents, and adults will be used as behavioral dependent measures. In a separate session, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)will be used with the same children, adolescents, and adults to assess changes in the recruitment of brain areas and in connectivity between these areas as a function of learning and development. These studies have significant implications for children born preterm and very low birth weight (VLBW, < 1500 grams) who are highly susceptible to subtle striatal and hippocampal injury in the perinatal period, and approximately 40% of who will have some learning disability. By tracking changes in the learning functions of this circuitry across typical development, these studies will lay the foundation for clinical studies that can identify precise learning disruption (specific to striatal or hippocampal circuitry) and associated outcomes and learning disabilities in this preterm and VLBW population. The K01 studies will provide a means by which interpretations of data from future clinical studies can be constrained.